Enhanced Phenol and Chlorinated Phenols Removal by Combining Ozonation and Biodegradation

Comparative meta-analysis and experimental kinetic investigation of column and batch bottle microcosm treatability studies informing in situ groundwater remedial design

“…Discerning the inherent variability between batch and column experiments within the literature cited in the meta-analysis is challenging. Reasons for this include: ( i ) one or both microcosm types did not have a replicate [46]; ( ii ) replicates are not truly replicates with variation in an additional parameter (e.g., dissolved oxygen, temperature) [45, 47, 48]; ( iii ) replicate results are not presented [42, 43]; ( iv ) replicate results are presented in multiple graphs (instead of a single graph with error bars) [41, 43, 44, 49]; ( v ) replicate results are plotted together without discerning which replicate is which [49]. However in two studies, greater variability in columns data over batch data can qualitatively be discerned [41, 49], which agrees with the experimental results.…”

Organic Contaminants in Refinery Wastewater: Characterization and Novel Approaches for Biotreatment

“…However, several issues were raised as to the high cost and lack of information on technical aspects of the process [22].…”

“…Formation of chlorinated organic compounds has been reported during some electrochemical applications, and activated carbon adsorption was recommended as a further polishing treatment to remove them [5,12]. Also formation of intermediate by-products like catechol and hydroquinone was detected after ozonation of phenolic compounds [22]. Moreover, most of these methods are incapable of treating heavily contaminated water with COD levels above 4000 mg/l [5].…”

“…As for the several mixed processes that have been proposed recently, a lot of these treatment schemes not only have noticeable advantages but also have important drawbacks. These problems can be sorted in two main areas: the irst relates to all economic aspects including the high cost needed for the implementation of these techniques; the second includes all technical issues related to the resources needed for the transformation from very toxic compounds to environmentally compatible ones [22].…”

Production of mono- and di-carboxylated polyethylene glycols as a factor obstacle to the successful ozonation-assisted biodegradation of ethoxylated compounds

“…Numerous studies have demonstrated the ability of ozone to convert recalcitrant organic matters into more biodegradable compounds (e.g., Ratpukdi et al, 2010). Targets for ozonation vary widely, from natural organic matter (Ratpukdi et al, 2010;Trequer et al, 2010) to compounds produced by human activities, such as recalcitrant organic matter found in cork processing wastewater Santos et al, 2013), in pulp-and-paper mill effluent (Bijan and Mohseni, 2004;Medeiros et al, 2008), and in landfill leachate (Cortez et al, 2010;Cui et al, 2014), dyes (Goekcen and Oezbelge, 2006;Meenatchisundaram et al, 2014), substituted phenols (Hsu et al, 2006;Garcia-Peña et al, 2012), and surfactants (e.g. Lechuga et al, 2014).…”