Enhanced performance of pencil-drawn paper-based electrodes by laser-scribing treatment

Abstract

This study demonstrates a fast and simple method to fabricate enhanced ePADs using pencil-drawing with a CO2 laser treatment of the carbon surface deposited on paper. The sensor was applied to the detection of furosemide in a synthetic urine sample.

Laser-induced fabrication of gold nanoparticles onto paper substrates and their application on paper-based electroanalytical devices

“…The relationship between the D and G bands (I D /I G ratio) was calculated to compare the effect of the second laser treatment on structural defects in the carbon matrix. The I D /I G ratio values for the LS-ePAD and LSAu-ePAD were 1.4 and 2.0, respectively, indicating that the second laser irradiation introduces more structural defects on the carbon surface [15,35].…”

“…Post fabrication surface treatment is a strategy to increase the electrochemical performance of electrodes and can help to increase fabrication reproducibility by pushing the device's performance towards mass transport limited conditions. 10,15 Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are often used for modifying electrochemical sensors due to their electrocatalytic activity towards organic compounds, large surface area, and longterm stability. 16,17 Hybrid materials incorporating nanoparticles in laser-scribed graphitic surfaces have demonstrated synergistic effects with improved electrochemical performance compared to individual materials.…”

Rapid Detection of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies With a Screen-Printed Electrode Modified With a Spike Glycoprotein Epitope

“…As a platform, electrochemical biosensors stand out to meet the demands for serological diagnostics through their characteristics; rapid, simple, portable, sensitive, easy-to-use, miniaturize, and compatibility with portable instruments [6][7][8][9]. They can be combined with a wide range of biological recognition elements to detect clinically relevant compounds such as enzymes, nucleic acid, antibodies, epitopes, and others [10][11][12][13][14][15]. Amongst these choices, epitopes (Eps) hold a high interest since they represent the minimum amino acid sequences in a pathogens proteome that are bound by antibodies generated in a patient in response to an infection [7].…”

A Pencil-Lead Immunosensor for the Rapid Electrochemical Measurement of Anti-Diphtheria Toxin Antibodies

“…Electrochemical sensors could meet this demand through their characteristics; simple, portable, sensitive, easy-to-use, miniaturize, and operatable with a portable instrument [ 6 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. When combined with biological recognition elements (i.e., enzymes, nucleic acid, antibodies, among others), electrochemical transducer-based POC devices have been developed to detect glucose [ 14 , 15 , 16 ], neurotransmitters [ 14 ], infectious agents, or their antibodies [ 12 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ], pharmaceutical compounds [ 22 , 23 , 24 ], biomarkers [ 25 ] and DNA [ 26 ]. Furthermore, electrochemical sensors associated with biomimetic materials (i.e., nanozymes, synzymes, and metal complexes) display good robustness, long-term activity, and minimal matrix interference [ 9 ].…”

“…Numerous materials such as carbon and silver inks [ 25 , 27 ], tin and gold-sputtered layers [ 24 , 26 ], gold leaf [ 28 ], gold nanoparticles suspension [ 29 ], and microwires [ 30 ] have been used to fabricate disposable devices. However, pencil-lead electrodes (PLEs) stand out for their high electrochemical performance combined with the presence of dangling carbon bonds, carboxyl, carbonyl functional groups, and sp 2 -hybridized carbon atoms on the basal plane and edge [ 22 , 31 , 32 ]. These surface moieties permit a variety of different means to conjugate biological components that can be broadly applied to develop electrochemical sensors in the fields of clinical diagnosis [ 33 ], forensic [ 34 ], and environmental science [ 35 ].…”