Enhanced mechanical and flame retardancy properties of vinyl ester resin systems with the synthesis of two flame retardants with vinyl group

Abstract

Two PEPA-based (PEPABFR) and DOPO-based (DOPOBFR) flame retardants with vinyl groups were synthesized successfully via 1-oxyphospha-4-hydroxymethyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (PEPA) or 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide (DOPO) with isocyanoethyl methacrylate using a one-pot method. Their structures were confirmed using Fourier transform infrared, 1 H NMR and 31 P NMR spectroscopies and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The mechanical performance, thermal properties and flame retardant performance of systems with 15 wt% synthetic flame retardants were investigated using bending tests, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index (LOI) measurements and cone calorimeter tests. The results show that the bending strength and flexural modulus are improved significantly. The LOI increases to 29.3% and 30.7% with incorporation to 15 wt% PEPABFR and 15% wt % DOPOBFR from the 20.3% corresponding to pure vinyl ester resin (VER). The peak heat release rate decreases by 16.9% and 39.3% and total heat release decreases by 20.1% and 36.4% for VER/PEPABFR and VER/DOPOBFR systems. Furthermore, the flame retardancy mechanism of the flame retardants was studied using thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

High-Performance Biobased Vinyl Ester Resin with Schiff Base Derived from Vanillin

“…The cone calorimeter is used to evaluate the fire safety of the OBBBMA system and reflect the system’s combustion accurately by simulating a real fire disaster . The typical combustion parameters including time to ignition (TTI), the peak of heat release rate (p-HRR), total heat release (THR), the peak of smoke production rate (SPR), total smoke production (TSP), CO production (COP) rate, CO 2 production (CO 2 ) rate, and char residues after combustion are listed in Table .…”

“…A lot of heat and smoke are released during the combustion process for vinyl ester resin. To achieve good flame retardancy and smoke suppression, environmentally friendly flame retardants such as phosphorus (P)-, nitrogen (N)-, or silicon (Si)-containing flame retardants are applied to the vinyl ester resin. − But they usually exhibit contradictory flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and mechanical properties.…”

Synergistic Effects of Ladder and Cage Structured Phosphorus-Containing POSS with Tetrabutyl Titanate on Flame Retardancy of Vinyl Epoxy Resins

“…Marciniec et al [ 27 ] synthesized two phosphorus-containing cage-like silsesquioxane derivatives (4P4GS and 8PS) and used them as reactive or additive flame retardants for epoxy resin. Yang et al [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ] synthesized different kinds of cage phosphorus containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes through hydrolytic condensation and addition reaction, such as DOPO-POSS, DPP-POSS, and DPOP-POSS. The representative flame retardant DOPO-POSS exhibited high-efficient flame retardancy in epoxy, polycarbonate and polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resins, and the flame retardant mechanisms of DOPO-POSS in epoxy resins has been systematically investigated.…”

“…It can be seen that flexural strength of VE composites first increased and then decreased with the increase of DOPO-POSS in VE matrix. Generally speaking, the fracture strain of materials depends on both stiffness and toughness[35]. The improved fracture strain of VE composites with the addition DOPO-POSS may be attributed to the increased content of rigid benzene ring structure and cage structure of DOPO-POSS which greatly inhibit the movement of polymer molecular chain in thermoset networks[51][52][53].For the control sample (VE-0), the flexural strength and modulus of VE-0 were 76.54 MPa and 2.39 GPa.…”

Boosting flame retardancy of epoxy resin composites through incorporating ultrathin nickel phenylphosphate nanosheets

“…[13][14][15][16][17][18][19] Phosphorus-based flame retardants are environmentally friendly which exhibit surprising flame retardancy. [20][21][22][23][24] They can reduce the combustion energy in gas phase as well as form carbonaceous layers through catalyzing dehydration in solidification phase. However, the simple organic structures of phosphorus-based flame retardants reveal the little impact on the suppression of smoke production.…”