Enhanced lifetime of organic photovoltaic diodes utilizing a ternary blend including an insulating polymer

Al-Busaidi, Zakiya Nasser Khalfan; Pearson, Christopher; Groves, Christopher; Petty, Michael C.

doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2016.10.018

Cited by 22 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…[34] The blend of 3TT-FIC and IEICO-4F as the electron acceptor has shown www.advopticalmat.de LUMO levels of a blended acceptor between pristine 3TT-FIC and pristine IEICO-4F, which leads to small energy level offsets between the donor and acceptor relative to pristine 3TT-FIC as the electron acceptor, which is not beneficial to high V OC values. [49,50] However, despite the small energy level offset between the donor and acceptor of PBDB-T:IEICO-4F:3TT-FIC ternary photoactive layer, the similar V OC value for both PBDB-T:IEICO-4F:3TT-FIC-based ternary PSCs and PBDB-T:3TT-FICbased binary PSCs was achieved to be significantly higher than the PBDB-T:IEICO-4F-based binary PSC. It is possible to reduce E loss of PBDB-T:IEICO-4F:3TT-FIC-based ternary PSCs to obtain a large V OC value.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…While introducing a third component material (a second donor or second acceptor material) into a binary photoactive layer, the LUMO levels or HOMO levels of the ternary photoactive layer depend on the second acceptor materials and concentrations (or the second donor materials and concentration), and the V OC values of ternary PSCs follow the empirical relation

V_{OC Ternary} = \frac{f_{1} \cdot N_{e1} \cdot V_{OC Binary 1} + f_{2} \cdot N_{e2} \cdot V_{OC Binary 2}}{f_{1} \cdot N_{e1} + f_{2} \cdot N_{e2}}

where V OC Binary 1 , V OC Binary 2 , and V OC Ternary are the V OC values of the binary PSC and ternary PSCs, respectively . The blend of 3TT‐FIC and IEICO‐4F as the electron acceptor has shown LUMO levels of a blended acceptor between pristine 3TT‐FIC and pristine IEICO‐4F, which leads to small energy level offsets between the donor and acceptor relative to pristine 3TT‐FIC as the electron acceptor, which is not beneficial to high V OC values . However, despite the small energy level offset between the donor and acceptor of PBDB‐T:IEICO‐4F:3TT‐FIC ternary photoactive layer, the similar V OC value for both PBDB‐T:IEICO‐4F:3TT‐FIC‐based ternary PSCs and PBDB‐T:3TT‐FIC‐based binary PSCs was achieved to be significantly higher than the PBDB‐T:IEICO‐4F‐based binary PSC.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Small Energy Loss and Broad Energy Levels Offsets Lead to Efficient Ternary Polymer Solar Cells from a Blend of Two Fullerene‐Free Small Molecules as Electron Acceptors

Wang

2019

Advanced Optical Materials

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the new polymer PE2 and PE63 as donor and with Y6 as acceptor, and achieved the better photovoltaic performance. [6,7] PSCs have several advantages, such as their light absorption tunability, mechanical flexibility, roll-to-roll manufacturing capability and so on. However, the PCE of PSCs is still inferior to their inorganic counterparts. One of the most significant factors that hinders their photovoltaic performance is the relatively large energy loss (E loss ) in the open-circuit condition with respect to the energy level offsets between the donor and acceptor, which leads to the low open-circuit voltage (V OC ) value. [8,9] In addition, there are several disadvantages involving exciton dissociation and charge carrier recombination within the photoactive layer which might function to enhance the photovoltaic performance. In parallel, the narrow spectral absorption of fullerene acceptors (e.g., [6,6]-phenyl-C 61 -butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) and [6,6]-phenyl-C 71 -butyric acid methyl ester (PC 71 BM)) falling in the short-wavelengths region (from 300 to 450 nm) inherently limits the photonic absorption since most of the photon flux occurs in the visible range of the solar spectrum (longer than 450 nm). At the same time, the fullerene derivatives have the disadvantage of having a deep lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level, which limits the energy level offset between the donor and acceptor and leads to small open-circuit voltages (V OC ). [10,11] Fullerene-free electron acceptors that enable adjustable energy levels and broad visible light absorption spectra have been developed and synthesized. For instance, the absorption peak of the fullerene-free acceptor 2,2′-((2Z,2′Z)- (((4,4,9,9-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-4,9-dihydro-sindaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′]dithiophene-2,7-diyl)bis(4-((2-ethylhexyl)oxy)thiophene-5,2-diyl)) bis(methanylylidene))bis(5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2,1-diylidene))dimalononitrile (IEICO-4F) is located in the near-infrared region (the absorption peak is at 835 nm), and it has a shallow LUMO energy level (the LUMO energy level is at −4.13 eV) relative to those of PC 71 BM. [12] The new fullerenefree molecule, thieno[3,2-b]thiophene-2-(5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2-2,3-dihydro-1H-ioden-1-ylidene)malononitrile (3TT-FIC) has a longer wavelength absorption window (the absorption peak is located at 810 nm) and a shallower LUMO energy level (the LUMO energy level is at −4.02 eV). [13] Recently, ternary strategies that use either a blend of one donor and two acceptor materials or two donor and one Ternary polymer solar cells (PSCs) are fabricated that consisted of a blend of IEICO-4F and 3TT-FIC as electron acceptors and PBDB-T as an electron donor. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of ternary PSCs is increased from 9.9% to 11.22% via the blend of IEICO-4F and 3TT-FIC as electron acceptors (the ratio of IEICO-4F:3TT-FIC is 6:4), which enhances the opencircuit voltage (V OC ) from 0.71 to 0.78 V. The main contribution of the blended acceptor is its broad energy level offset between ...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

V_{OC Ternary} = \frac{f_{1} \cdot N_{e1} \cdot V_{OC Binary 1} + f_{2} \cdot N_{e2} \cdot V_{OC Binary 2}}{f_{1} \cdot N_{e1} + f_{2} \cdot N_{e2}}

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small Energy Loss and Broad Energy Levels Offsets Lead to Efficient Ternary Polymer Solar Cells from a Blend of Two Fullerene‐Free Small Molecules as Electron Acceptors

Wang

2019

Advanced Optical Materials

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“…Thus, the blend of m ‐ITIC and ITIC‐Th instead of pristine ITIC‐Th is beneficial to the enhancement of V OC value. However, V OC values of binary and ternary OSCs are simultaneously governed by the energy level offset and energy loss . The highest V OC value of ternary OSCs compared with binary J61: m ‐ITIC and J61:ITIC‐Th OSCs can be ascribed to simultaneously broad energy level offset and reduced energy loss.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Performance and Stability of Ternary Organic Solar Cells Utilizing Two Similar Structure Blend Fullerene‐Free Molecules as Electron Acceptor

Wang

2019

Advanced Optical Materials

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length region (the absorption peaks are located at 240 and 380 nm for [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) and PC 71 BM, respectively) and the deep lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels (the LUMO energy levels are 4.1 eV and 3.9 eV for PCBM and PC 71 BM, respectively). [6,7] Fullerene-free acceptors have recently been vigorously developed and replaced the common fullerene derivative small molecule acceptor materials for high-performance OSCs, which play an important role in the broaden and redshifted absorption widows, and adjusting the LUMO and highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels. [8,9] However, a significant challenge of developed fullerene-free acceptors must be overcome in order to the absorption spectrum of fullerene free is match AM 1.5 G solar simulator and smooth energy levels at the donor/acceptor interface. Recently, the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of binary OSCs based on fullerenefree small molecular as acceptors (NFAs) have greatly developed. The single junction OSCs with Y6 as acceptor have led to PCE achieve 15.7% by Zou and co-workers reported. [10] The Peng et al. have reported the recorded PCE of single junction OSCs with Y6 as acceptor and achieved 16.35%. [11] The Erjun group has synthesized the new polymer PE2 and PE63 as donor and Y6 as acceptor and achieved the better photovoltaic performance. [12,13] At the same time, due to the LUMO and HOMO of third component materials located at the medium between donor and acceptor, it is evitable to introduce charge traps at the three kind materials interface. Thus, the third component materials should avoid to form deep charge traps, in addition to the large energy levels offset between HOMO of donor and LUMO of acceptor and complementary absorption peaks of photoactive layer materials. [14][15][16] Meta-alkyl-phenyl-containing 3,9-bis(2-methylene-(3-(1,1dicyanomethylene)-indanone))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-hexyl phenyl)dithieno[2,3-d:2′,3′-d′]-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′] dithiophene (ITIC) small molecular acceptor (m-ITIC) and alkylthienyl-containing ITIC small molecular acceptor (ITIC-Th) were reported. [17,18] The ITIC-Th exhibit the similar LUMO energy level (E LUMO , 3.85 eV) and significant downshifts of HOMO energy level (E HOMO , 5.66 eV) relative to m-ITIC (the E LUMO and E HOMO of 3.82 and 5.52 eV). Stimulatingly, the remarkable blueshifts absorption peaks for J61 polymer as donor and the blend of m-3,9-bis(2-methylene-(3-(1,1dicyanomethylene)-indanone))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-hexyl phenyl)-dithieno[2,3d:2′,3′-d′]-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′] dithiophene (ITIC) and ITIC-Th as electron acceptor. The blend of m-ITIC and ITIC-Th as electron acceptor due to the similar lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels and good compatibility among J61, m-ITIC, and ITIC-Th, are beneficial for the small energy barrier at the m-ITIC:ITIC-Th interface. Simultaneously, the ternary photoactive layer can maintain the optimize film morphology and beneficial to ensure effective suppression of charge recombin...

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“…Organic semiconductors including small molecules and polymers are very attractive in practical view due to their simple solution production processes at low temperatures [ 113 ], low cost, and light weight [ 114 , 115 ]. Graphene/P3HT hybrid heterostructures showed an R about 10 times larger on a piezoelectric substrate than on a SiO 2 substrate [ 71 ].…”

Section: Graphene/organic Semiconductorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene-Based Semiconductor Heterostructures for Photodetectors

Shin

Choi

2018

Micromachines

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Graphene transparent conductive electrodes are highly attractive for photodetector (PD) applications due to their excellent electrical and optical properties. The emergence of graphene/semiconductor hybrid heterostructures provides a platform useful for fabricating high-performance optoelectronic devices, thereby overcoming the inherent limitations of graphene. Here, we review the studies of PDs based on graphene/semiconductor hybrid heterostructures, including device physics/design, performance, and process technologies for the optimization of PDs. In the last section, existing technologies and future challenges for PD applications of graphene/semiconductor hybrid heterostructures are discussed.

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Enhanced lifetime of organic photovoltaic diodes utilizing a ternary blend including an insulating polymer

Cited by 22 publications

References 32 publications

Small Energy Loss and Broad Energy Levels Offsets Lead to Efficient Ternary Polymer Solar Cells from a Blend of Two Fullerene‐Free Small Molecules as Electron Acceptors

Small Energy Loss and Broad Energy Levels Offsets Lead to Efficient Ternary Polymer Solar Cells from a Blend of Two Fullerene‐Free Small Molecules as Electron Acceptors

Enhanced Performance and Stability of Ternary Organic Solar Cells Utilizing Two Similar Structure Blend Fullerene‐Free Molecules as Electron Acceptor

Graphene-Based Semiconductor Heterostructures for Photodetectors

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