Enhanced Growth and Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Osteoblast-Like Cells on Boron-Doped Nanocrystalline Diamond Thin Films

Abstract

Intrinsic nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films have been proven to be promising substrates for the adhesion, growth and osteogenic differentiation of bone-derived cells. To understand the role of various degrees of doping (semiconducting to metallic-like), the NCD films were deposited on silicon substrates by a microwave plasma-enhanced CVD process and their boron doping was achieved by adding trimethylboron to the CH4:H2 gas mixture, the B∶C ratio was 133, 1000 and 6700 ppm. The room temperature electrical resistivity of the films decreased from >10 MΩ (undoped films) to 55 kΩ, 0.6 kΩ, and 0.3 kΩ (doped films with 133, 1000 and 6700 ppm of B, respectively). The increase in the number of human osteoblast-like MG 63 cells in 7-day-old cultures on NCD films was most apparent on the NCD films doped with 133 and 1000 ppm of B (153,000±14,000 and 152,000±10,000 cells/cm2, respectively, compared to 113,000±10,000 cells/cm2 on undoped NCD films). As measured by ELISA per mg of total protein, the cells on NCD with 133 and 1000 ppm of B also contained the highest concentrations of collagen I and alkaline phosphatase, respectively. On the NCD films with 6700 ppm of B, the cells contained the highest concentration of focal adhesion protein vinculin, and the highest amount of collagen I was adsorbed. The concentration of osteocalcin also increased with increasing level of B doping. The cell viability on all tested NCD films was almost 100%. Measurements of the concentration of ICAM-1, i.e. an immunoglobuline adhesion molecule binding inflammatory cells, suggested that the cells on the NCD films did not undergo significant immune activation. Thus, the potential of NCD films for bone tissue regeneration can be further enhanced and tailored by B doping and that B doping up to metallic-like levels is not detrimental for cells.

Freeze gelated porous membranes for periodontal tissue regeneration

“…They show a higher degree of homogeneity than human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (h-BMSCs) giving more consistent outcomes. MG63 cells have been widely used to initially test the biocompatibility of new materials for supporting osteogenic growth [49], and it is possible that mature bone cells may be present in the remaining alveolar bone [50]. Periodontal ligament cells were not included in this study as the aims were to fully characterize the membranes physiochemical properties and then investigate their potential to support new bone formation, which is an important first step to then allow ligament anchorage and growth.…”

Nanoporosity Significantly Enhances the Biological Performance of Engineered Glass Tissue Scaffolds

“…26 As such, nanostructured materials are developed or applied as carriers for targeted drug and gene delivery, as tracers for bioimaging, tools for nanoscale surgery, components of nanoelectronic biosensors, and especially as cell carriers for tissue engineering. 27 Furthermore, incorporation of nanostructure, such as nanocarbon/-polymer fibers or nanopores, of various material systems is shown to have beneficial effects on cell functions. [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] However, the precise role of nanopores in BG scaffolds on surrounding tissue and cells has not been explored fully, although indications of improved cell response on nanoporous versus nonporous BG have been reported.…”

Nanostructured diamond coatings for orthopaedic applications

“…It is well documented that cells respond differently to nanostructured compared with conventional classic material topographies in terms of cell adhesion, proliferation and function (Kalbacova et al , 2009, Webster et al , 2000a, Catledge et al , 2002, Grausova et al , 2011). Many features of nanofibre or nanophase or nanostructured materials with irregularities less than 100 nm mimic or simulate the nanoscaled architecture of native ECM, irregularities of biomacromolecules such as folding, branching etc., and size of ECM parts of cell adhesion receptors (Thomas et al , 2006).…”