Enhanced Endoscopy in Bladder Cancer

Abstract

Enhanced endoscopic imaging technology may improve detection rates for bladder cancer throughout the upper and lower urinary tract, which may lead to improvements in recurrence and progression rates for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). New techniques including narrow-band imaging (NBI), photodynamic diagnosis (PDD), Storz Professional Image Enhancement System (SPIES), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and others have shown benefit and may further improve our ability to detect and stage bladder tumors. Enhanced endoscopy technologies have already demonstrated value in improving the sensitivity of bladder cancer detection and early results suggest they may improve short- and long-term oncologic outcomes.

Multiparametric cystoscopy: is the future here yet?

“…This technique provides real-time, cross-sectional images with up to 2 mm depth of penetration and 10-20 μm spatial resolution which is 10-25 times greater than highfrequency ultrasound (20). Under OCT, normal bladder wall anatomy from urothelium to muscularis propria is nicely delineated in a layer by layer fashion which will be distorted in the presence of malignant lesions with or without invasion.…”

“…Under OCT, normal bladder wall anatomy from urothelium to muscularis propria is nicely delineated in a layer by layer fashion which will be distorted in the presence of malignant lesions with or without invasion. This modality has shown very high sensitivity for detection of any bladder tumor including invasive lesions and CIS (20). Unfortunately, this technology is unable to provide any grading information and its real-world practice might be limited partly due to the need for scanning of the entire bladder and technical consideration (19).…”

MIMO Cross-Layer Secure Communication Algorithm for Cyber Physical Systems Based on Interference Strategies

“…For each data information packet received by terminal H or terminal N, the channel information is extracted from it and the channel difference is obtained compared with the reference channel. Terminal H or terminal T uses the authentication model (14) to determine the channel difference value, and if it is legal, it continues to demodulate the information packet, and if it is illegal, it discards the packet [32].…”

“…In reference [32] it is proposed to modify the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) based channel estimation technique for large-scale MIMO systems by iterative and most importantly tapering methods to mitigate the frequency-guide contamination.…”

Real-Time AR Technology Assisted High-Resolution Image Processing and its Graphic Design Application

“…In the digital age, mobile internet advertising has attracted the attention of businesses and consumers as an advertising form that can directly hit the audience's psychology [24][25][26]. Commercial advertising design is no longer confined to the two-dimensional plane world.…”