Enhanced Discrimination of Highly Clonal ST22-Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus IV Isolates Achieved by Combining spa , dru , and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Typing Data

Abstract

ST22-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus type IV (ST22-MRSA-IV) is endemic in

Comparison of Pulsed-Gel Electrophoresis and a Commercial Repetitive-Element PCR Method for Assessment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clustering in Different Health Care Facilities

“…That rep-PCR may rarely discriminate between strains found to be clonal by PFGE ( Fig. 1 and 2) suggests that combining the results of these two typing methods may have some adjunctive value in research studies (34).…”

Characterisation of the Virulence Factors and Genetic Types of Methicillin Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus from Patients and Healthy Individuals

“…Based on the interpretation scheme recommended by Shore et al [23], two strains are considered closely related if two spa types are at a MST distance of B3 (corresponding to [98.5 % similarity).…”

Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-Positive Staphylococcus aureus in Ireland from 2002 to 2011: 21 Clones, Frequent Importation of Clones, Temporal Shifts of Predominant Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus Clones, and Increasing Multiresistance

“…The NMRSARL investigated 7,103 S. aureus isolates (6,702 MRSA and 401 MSSA) between 2002 and 2011, of which 1,531 were examined for the presence of the lukF-PV and lukS-PV genes (pvl) ( Table 1). An isolate was selected for pvl investigation if it was recovered from a suspected pvl-associated infection; for MRSA only, an isolate was selected if it exhibited an antibiogram-resistogram (AR) pattern and/or pulsed-field group (PFG) distinct from that of previously or currently predominant pvl-negative health care-associated MRSA clones, e.g., AR-PFG 06-01, indicative of ST22-MRSA-IV or AR-PFG 13/14-00, indicative of ST8-MRSA-IIA-E Ϯ SCC M1 (28,33 (31). One MRSA isolate (E1760) previously reported as pvl positive (30) was excluded from the present study because pvl was not detected despite several attempts using PCR and DNA microarray profiling.…”

“…Worryingly, pvl-positive ST22-MRSA-IV has been associated with hospital and community outbreaks elsewhere (47)(48)(49), and it now predominates together with ST772-MRSA-V in hospitals in India (20). Although pvl-negative ST22-MRSA-IV is currently predominant in Irish hospitals (mainly spa type t032 [28]), pvl-positive ST22-MRSA-IV was genetically distinct (spa type t852) in the present study, indicating the independent evolution of these strains.…”

“…In Ireland, MRSA is endemic in hospitals, and since 2002, the pvl-negative ST22-MRSA-IV clone has accounted for 70 to 80% of MRSA from bloodstream infections (BSIs) each year (28,29). Between 1999 and 2005, a prevalence rate of 1.8% was reported for pvl-positive MRSA in Ireland, and six distinct pvl-positive MRSA clones (ST30, ST8, ST22, ST80, ST5, and ST154, all harboring SCCmec IV) were identified, some of which were probably imported (30).…”