Enhanced Ciprofloxacin Removal from Aqueous Solution Using a Chemically Modified Biochar Derived from Bamboo Sawdust: Adsorption Process Optimization with Response Surface Methodology

Abstract

Contamination of water by ciprofloxacin has become a significant concern due to its adverse health effects and growing evidence of antimicrobial-resistant gene evolution. To this end, a chemically modified bamboo biochar was prepared from bamboo sawdust to effectively remove ciprofloxacin (CIP) from an aqueous solution. Under similar adsorption conditions, the modified bamboo biochar (MBC) has an excellent CIP removal efficiency (96%) compared to unmodified bamboo biochar (UBC) efficiency (45%). Thus, MBC was used in batch adsorption experiments, and the process was optimized with the central composite design (CCD) framework of response surface methodology (RSM). Sorption process parameters such as initial CIP concentration, pH, adsorbent dose, and contact time were studied and found to have a significant effect on CIP removal. The optimal CIP removal (96%) was obtained at MBC dose (0.5 g L-1), CIP initial concentration (20 mg L-1), pH (7.5), and contact time (46 min). The adsorption kinetic data were well described by the pseudo-second-order model ( R 2 = 0.999 ), and both Langmuir ( R 2 = 0.994 ) and Freundlich ( R 2 = 0.972 ) models gave the best fit in CIP adsorption isotherm analysis. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of the MBC was 78.43 mg g-1 based on the Langmuir isotherm model. These results suggest that CIP adsorption was mainly controlled by chemisorption. Moreover, the CIP adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous. Overall, MBC is a low-cost, efficient, and recyclable adsorbent for eliminating emerging contaminants such as ciprofloxacin from an aqueous solution.

Recent advances on sustainable removal of emerging contaminants from water by bio-based adsorbents

“…The activation of these pathways increased the efficacy of CPF removal, making MBC an effective adsorbent for CPFcontaminated water. 117 The surface area analysis outcome revealed the porosity of Fe 3 O 4 /Graphene oxide citrus peel biochar, which promoted the physical adsorption of SPF and CPF onto the Fe 3 O 4 /Graphene oxide citrus peel biochar. The structure of the graphite on the Fe 3 O 4 /Graphene oxide citrus peel biochar was authenticated through Raman and XPS spectra.…”

“…The activation of these pathways increased the efficacy of CPF removal, making MBC an effective adsorbent for CPF-contaminated water. 117…”

Multi‐factorial investigation of the effect of biochar of the secondary medicinal residue of snow lotus on the adsorption of two azo dyes, methyl red and methyl orange

“…Nevertheless, the adsorption capacity of biomass carbon is still limited. The use of raw materials treated with acid–base solutions, oxidizing agents, or metal salt solutions, such as Fe 2+ and Mg 2 + , to make char can increase the functional groups of biomass char, increase the pore space, or expand the specific surface area of biomass char, resulting in specific adsorption capacity and high chemical affinity of biomass char (Wakejo et al, 2022; Xu, He, et al, 2021). Thus, modified biomass char is more efficient and economical than the original char (Genuino et al, 2018; He et al, 2021; Huang, Zheng, & Liu, 2020).…”