Enhanced Cerebral Expression of MCT1 and MCT2 in a Rat Ischemia Model Occurs in Activated Microglial Cells

Moreira, Teresa; Pierre, Karin; Maekawa, Fumihiko; Repond, Cendrine; Cebere, Aleta; Liljequist, Sture; Pellerin, Luc

doi:10.1038/jcbfm.2009.50

Cited by 93 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Three members of the MCT family, the MCT1, MCT2, and MCT4, are found in the central nervous system: the MCT1 in endothelial cells and in astrocytes, MCT2 in neurons, and MCT4 in astroglia (720). Microglia activated following compression-induced ischemia demonstrated significant expression of MCT1 and MCT2, with the latter possibly involved in supply of microglial cells with energy substrates (609).…”

Section: Monocarboxylate Transportersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiology of Microglia

Kettenmann

Hanisch

Нода

et al. 2011

Physiological Reviews

3,090

2,981

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Microglial cells are the resident macrophages in the central nervous system. These cells of mesodermal/mesenchymal origin migrate into all regions of the central nervous system, disseminate through the brain parenchyma, and acquire a specific ramified morphological phenotype termed “resting microglia.” Recent studies indicate that even in the normal brain, microglia have highly motile processes by which they scan their territorial domains. By a large number of signaling pathways they can communicate with macroglial cells and neurons and with cells of the immune system. Likewise, microglial cells express receptors classically described for brain-specific communication such as neurotransmitter receptors and those first discovered as immune cell-specific such as for cytokines. Microglial cells are considered the most susceptible sensors of brain pathology. Upon any detection of signs for brain lesions or nervous system dysfunction, microglial cells undergo a complex, multistage activation process that converts them into the “activated microglial cell.” This cell form has the capacity to release a large number of substances that can act detrimental or beneficial for the surrounding cells. Activated microglial cells can migrate to the site of injury, proliferate, and phagocytose cells and cellular compartments.

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Section: Monocarboxylate Transportersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiology of Microglia

Kettenmann

Hanisch

Нода

et al. 2011

Physiological Reviews

3,090

2,981

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“…However, their hexose transporter is GLUT5, which, in humans, does not transport glucose but fructose (Augustin 2010), a sugar, which is almost absent in blood and cerebrospinal fluid. On activation, microglia augment their expression of MCT1 and MCT2 (Moreira et al 2009), but it is not known whether they are lactate importers or exporters.…”

Section: Supply Of Building Blocksmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Astrocyte: Powerhouse and Recycling Center

Weber

Barros

2015

Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol

156

128

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Brain metabolism is characterized by fuel monodependence, high-energy expenditure, autonomy from the rest of body, local recycling, and marked division of labor between cell types. Although neurons spend most of the brain's energy on signaling, astrocytes bear the brunt of the metabolic load, controlling the composition of the interstitial fluid, supplying neurons with energy substrates and precursors for biosynthesis, and recycling neurotransmitters, oxidized scavengers, and other waste products. Outstanding questions in this field are the role of oligodendrocytes, the metabolic behavior of the different subtypes of astrocytes during development and disease, and the emerging notion that metabolism may participate directly in information processing. T he energy requirements of the central nervous system (CNS) are very high compared with those of other organs. Although the brain accounts for merely 2% of body weight, it receives 15% of cardiac output, and uses 20% of the oxygen and 25% of the glucose of the total body turnover (Magistretti 2008). A special microarchitecture has evolved to support this extreme need, in which glial cells play a central role (Fig. 1). The microvasculature consists of a complex and dense network of highly interconnected blood vessels (Weber et al. 2008;Blinder et al. 2013) to ensure adequate delivery of oxygen and glucose. Although oxygen diffuses freely into the parenchyma, glucose and other hydrophilic energy substrates are translocated across membranes via specific transporter proteins (Fig. 1). The astrocyte is a polarized cell. One set of astrocytic processes ensheaths the vasculature and a second set reaches toward the synapse, the site of highest energy demand (Harris et al. 2012). Much of the ATP produced in the brain is spent by neurons on the recovery of ion gradients challenged by postsynaptic potentials, with a smaller investment in action potentials and neurotransmitter recycling (Harris et al. 2012). Astrocytes consume considerable energy for their own needs and the cycling of metabolically relevant substances for neurons. These metabolic processes in astrocytes and neurons are the basis for brain mapping using functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography (PET)-methods that capture local metabolism either directly or indirectly via hemodynamic changes (Magistretti 2008;Belanger et al. 2011a). Levels of energy consumption in the whole brain are almost constant. However, individual neurons can increase their consumption dramatically. For example, a striatal neuron may Overview of astrocytic metabolism. (Inset) Astrocytes (green) reside between blood vessels (red) and neurons (yellow). Neurons and oligodendrocytes (blue) are not in direct contact with vessels. Astrocytes form metabolic domains and are coupled by gap junctions, through which they exchange metabolites and ions. Energy: The main energy substrate of the brain is glucose (glc), which crosses the endothelium and enters astrocytes via the glucose transporter GLUT1. Glucose is converted b...

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“…Healthy male Wistar rats were used for the study (SPF grade, 12 week-aged, body weight 200-220 g), and were purchased from Beijing WeitongLihua Experimental Animal Technology Co., Ltd. The rats were reared in cages where the room temperature was 22 ± 2°C and the relative humidity was 40%-60%.…”

Section: Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%