Enhanced Catalytic Activity of Sub‐nanometer Titania Clusters Confined inside Double‐Wall Carbon Nanotubes

Zhang, Hongbo; Pan, Xiulian; Liu, Jingyue Jimmy; Qian, Weizhong; Wei, Fei; Hao, Yuying; Bao, Xinhe

doi:10.1002/cssc.201000324

Cited by 60 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…25 This electron transfer was temperature dependent and was strong enough to be observed above 300°C. For example, the Ti 2p XPS peak shifted 0.5 eV to a higher binding energy for TiO xin-D (Figure 7a), whereas that of TiO x -out-D did not exhibit any changes.…”

Section: Gas-phase Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 93%

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The Effects of Confinement inside Carbon Nanotubes on Catalysis

2011

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T he unique tubular morphology of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has triggered wide research interest. These structures can be used as nanoreactors and to create novel composites through the encapsulation of guest materials in their well-defined channels. The rigid nanotubes restrict the size of the encapsulated materials down to the nanometer and even the subnanometer scale. In addition, interactions may develop between the encapsulated molecules and nanomaterials and the CNT surfaces. The curvature of CNT walls causes the π electron density of the graphene layers to shift from the concave inner to the convex outer surface, which results in an electric potential difference. As a result, the molecules and nanomaterials on the exterior walls of CNTs likely display different properties and chemical reactivities from those confined within CNTs. Catalysis that utilizes the interior surface of CNTs was only explored recently. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that confining metal or metal oxide nanoparticles inside CNTs often leads to a different catalytic activity with respect to the same metals deposited on the CNT exterior surface. Furthermore, this inside and outside activity difference varies based on the metals used and the reactions catalyzed.In this Account, we describe the efforts toward understanding the fundamental effects of confining metal nanoparticles inside the CNT channels. This research may provide a novel approach to modulate their catalytic performance and promote rational design of catalysts. To achieve this, we have developed strategies for homogeneous dispersion of nanoparticles inside nanotubes. Because researchers have previously demonstrated the insertion of nanoparticles within larger nanotubes, we focused specifically on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with an inner diameter (i.d.) smaller than 10 nm and double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) with 1.0À1.5 nm i.d. The results show that CNTs with well-defined morphology and unique electronic structure of CNTs provide an intriguing confinement environment for catalysis.

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Section: Gas-phase Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Instead, using TiCl 4 vapor, we successfully dispersed subnanometer-sized titania particles in DWCNTs. 25 Nanotubes were first evacuated before exposure to TiCl 4 . Anhydrous ethanol was used to affect slow hydrolysis of TiCl 4 under Ar atmosphere.…”

Section: Dispersion Of Nanoparticles Inside Cntsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Confinement inside Carbon Nanotubes on Catalysis

2011

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“…[525][526][527][528][529] CNT-confined TiO 2 photocatalyst has been developed by Chen and co-workers using a restrained hydrolysis method (Fig. 19(a)), 530 in which titanium isopropoxide (TTIP), as the precursor of TiO 2 particles, was introduced into the CNT channels through the capillary force of the nanotubes under a N 2 atmosphere.…”

Section: Photocatalytic Degradationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon nanotube catalysts: recent advances in synthesis, characterization and applications

et al. 2015

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Carbon nanotubes are promising materials for various applications. In recent years, progress in manufacturing and functionalizing carbon nanotubes has been made to achieve the control of bulk and surface properties including the wettability, acid-base properties, adsorption, electric conductivity and capacitance. In order to gain the optimal benefit of carbon nanotubes, comprehensive understanding on manufacturing and functionalizing carbon nanotubes ought to be systematically developed. This review summarizes methodologies of manufacturing carbon nanotubes via arc discharge, laser ablation and chemical vapor deposition and functionalizing carbon nanotubes through surface oxidation and activation, doping of heteroatoms, halogenation, sulfonation, grafting, polymer coating, noncovalent functionalization and nanoparticle attachment. The characterization techniques detecting the bulk nature and surface properties as well as the effects of various functionalization approaches on modifying the surface properties for specific applications in catalysis including heterogeneous catalysis, photocatalysis, photoelectrocatalysis and electrocatalysis are highlighted.

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“…Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with unique structure and properties such as well-defined hollow interiors, inert surface properties, and resistance to acid and base environment have been proven to be excellent candidates as support in catalytic reactions [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] and energy storage and conversion medium [8][9][10][11]. Structural parameters of CNTs such as inner diameter, wall thickness, length, crystallinity, and electronic structure have a great influence on the performance of the supported particles or loaded matters [12][13][14][15].…”

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confidence: 99%

Carbon nanotubes prepared by anodic aluminum oxide template method

et al. 2011

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One of the most unique structural characteristics of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) differentiating from other carbon materials is their hollow nanochannles, which can be utilized for encapsulating and loading foreign matters. The anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template technique enables the diameter, length, and cap structure control of the replicated CNTs, and thus shows advantages in pore structure control over the traditional CNT growth approaches. This review details the synthesis of CNTs with tunable diameter, length, wall thickness, and crystalline by using the AAO template method. The doping of heteroatoms and filling of foreign matters into AAO-CNTs are also addressed. Moreover, the main challenges and developing trends of the AAO template method are discussed.carbon nanotubes (CNTs), anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template method, controllability Citation:Hou P X, Liu C, Shi C, et al. Carbon nanotubes prepared by anodic aluminum oxide template method.

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Enhanced Catalytic Activity of Sub‐nanometer Titania Clusters Confined inside Double‐Wall Carbon Nanotubes

Cited by 60 publications

References 33 publications

The Effects of Confinement inside Carbon Nanotubes on Catalysis

The Effects of Confinement inside Carbon Nanotubes on Catalysis

Carbon nanotube catalysts: recent advances in synthesis, characterization and applications

Carbon nanotubes prepared by anodic aluminum oxide template method

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