Enhanced activation process of persulfate by mesoporous carbon for degradation of aqueous organic pollutants: Electron transfer mechanism

Tang, Lin; Liu, Yani; Wang, Jiajia; Zeng, Guangming; Deng, Yaocheng; Dong, Haoran; Feng, Haopeng; Wang, Jingjing; Peng, Bo

doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.02.059

Cited by 645 publications

(132 citation statements)

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“…This result was confirmed by the XPS analyses. The percentage of C-C/C-H in other carbon catalysts was hierarchically porous carbon 53.83% [25], mesoporous carbon 47.10% [40], MWCNT 64.17% [14], and rGO 62.65% [14], whereas it was 75% in EG, which suggests that the graphitic crystalline structure was not obviously damaged. XPS information is derived from several to a dozen atomic layers on the surface of the EG sample, which can be used to analyze the composition (Table S1) and chemical states of elements on the surface of the sample (Figure 2).…”

Section: Materials Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Second, the EG was sufficiently annealed at a high temperature, and the structure has been improved [39]. It was worth noting that the I D /I G value of EG was much lower than that of graphene (I D /I G > 1) [32], sulfur-doped hierarchically porous carbon (~1) [25], and mesoporous carbon (1.2) [40].…”

Section: Materials Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This result fully illustrates that the intercalation reagents between the layers were completely decomposed and escaped at a high temperature, which was consistent with the results of Raman spectra. A broad C1s peak of EG samples could be fitted into five species with binding energies at 284.79, 285.60, 286.80, 289.00 and 291.20 eV, which were assigned to carbon atoms with sp 2 hybridization, C-O and/or C-S, C=O (carbonyl or quinine), O=C-O (carboxyl or ester), and π-π* shake up, respectively [25,40] (Figure 2a-c correspond to EG1, EG2 and EG3, respectively). As mentioned above, the I D /I G value of EG was much lower than other carbon material activator.…”

Section: Materials Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preparation and Catalytic Performance of Expanded Graphite for Oxidation of Organic Pollutant

Lan

2019

Catalysts

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A classic carbon material—expanded graphite (EG), was prepared and proposed for a new application as catalysts for activating peroxydisulfate (PDS). EG samples prepared at different expansion temperatures were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and other methods. It was observed that there existed a remarkable synergistic effect in the EG/PDS combined system to degrade Acid Red 97 (AR97). Unlike other carbon material catalysts, sp2 carbon structure may be the main active site in the catalytic reaction. The EG sample treated at 600 °C demonstrated the best catalytic activity for the activation of PDS. Degradation efficiency of AR97 increased with raising PDS dosage and EG loadings. The pH of aqueous solution played an important role in degradation and adsorption, and near-neutrality was the optimal pH in this research. It was assumed that the radical pathway played a dominant role in AR97 degradation and that oxidation of AR97 occurred in the pores and interface layer on the external surface of EG by SO4·− and ·OH, generated on or near the surface of EG. The radical oxidation mechanism was further confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The EG sample could be regenerated by annealing, and the catalytic ability was almost fully recovered.

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Section: Materials Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Materials Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Materials Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preparation and Catalytic Performance of Expanded Graphite for Oxidation of Organic Pollutant

Lan

2019

Catalysts

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“…Therefore, it can be concluded that the degradation of RhB mainly occurred because of the cleavage of the chromophore structure and The oxidative radicals involved in the Fe 3 O 4 @GO + K 2 S 2 O 8 system for the RhB degradation was further verified by conducting an EPR study with spin-trapping agents, namely DMPO and TEMP. As shown in Figure 5b, the characteristic signals of DMPO-SO 4 exhibited six lines (with the ratio of intensities being 1:1:1:1:1:1 and with hyperfine splitting constants of aN = 13.2 G, aH = 9.6 G, aH = 1.48 G, and aH = 0.77 G), while the characteristic signals of DMPO-OH showed four lines (with the ratio of intensities at 1:2:2:1 and aN = aH = 14.8 G) [44]. The generation of O 2…”

Section: Rhb Degradation Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 94%

New Sustainable Approach for the Production of Fe3O4/Graphene Oxide-Activated Persulfate System for Dye Removal in Real Wastewater

Pervez

Zarra

et al. 2020

Water

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Persulfate (PS)-activated, iron-based heterogeneous catalysts have attracted significant attention as a potential advanced and sustainable water purification system. Herein, a novel Fe 3 O 4 impregnated graphene oxide (Fe 3 O 4 @GO)-activated persulfate system (Fe 3 O 4 @GO+K 2 S 2 O 8 ) was synthesized by following a sustainable protocol and was tested on real wastewater containing dye pollutants. In the presence of the PS-activated system, the degradation efficiency of Rhodamine B (RhB) was significantly increased to a level of ≈95% compared with that of Fe 3 O 4 (≈25%). The influences of different operational parameters, including solution pH, persulfate dosage, and RhB concentration, were systemically evaluated. This system maintained its catalytic activity and durability with a negligible amount of iron leached during successive recirculation experiments. The degradation intermediates were further identified through reactive oxygen species (ROS) studies, where surface-bound SO 4 − was found to be dominant radical for RhB degradation. Moreover, the degradation mechanism of RhB in the Fe 3 O 4 @GO+K 2 S 2 O 8 system was discussed. Finally, the results indicate that the persulfate-activated Fe 3 O 4 @GO catalyst provided an effective pathway for the degradation of dye pollutants in real wastewater treatment.Water 2020, 12, 733 2 of 17 many advantages, such as a higher redox potential, wide pH range (2-11), longer life span, and more efficiency over •OH that enables excellent electron transfer of the oxidant toward higher contaminant degradation [6,7]. In general, the production of sulfate radicals can be obtained through PS activation by using several strategies, such as heat, ultraviolet, ultrasound, transition metal ions, carbonaceous-based materials, base, phenol, glucose, and ascorbic acid [8]. Consequently, transition-metal-based catalysts have been widely utilized as a PS activator due to their excellent catalytic efficiency [9]. However, the drawbacks of transition-metal-based catalysts for inhomogeneous systems include poor removal efficiency, precipitation of iron (III) as sludge, and less reusability, which has hindered their widespread use [10]. Hence, transition-metal-based heterogeneous catalyst systems have received tremendous attention for PS activation because of their environmentally friendly nature, high performance, simple operation stability, and high availability [11]. Iron (Fe)-based heterogeneous catalyst materials (e.g., Fe 3 O 4 ) have received much attention regarding frequently activating PS because of their high natural abundance, low price, and they could easily prevent secondary pollution through their recovery performance [12]. However, Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles usually tend to aggregate in the solution, which can decrease their surface area and cause lower stability and catalytic efficiency [13]. Taking this into consideration, it is necessary to use a proper support that can enhance their overall performance. Graphene has been widely reported to be an emerging supporting material f...

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“…Another typical oxidative chemical activation agent is ammonium persulfate ((NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 ). (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 decomposes first at temperatures higher than 180 °C (Equation ), and finally decomposes completely into NH 3 , SO 3 , and H 2 O at temperatures higher than 400 °C (Equation ) 104,105. In a one‐step experiment fabricating PCNSs, camellia petals were mixed with (NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 and carbonized at high temperature (Figure 6b).…”

Section: New Chemical Activation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis Strategies of Porous Carbon for Supercapacitor Applications

et al. 2020

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Supercapacitors (SCs) have experienced a significant increase in research activity and commercialization during the past few decades. As the primary and most important electrode active material for commercial SCs, porous carbon is produced at an industrial‐scale through traditional carbonization‐activation strategies. Nevertheless, commercial porous carbon materials have some disadvantages such as high production cost, corrosion of equipment, and emission of toxic gases and byproduct pollutants during production. In recent years, huge efforts have been made to develop novel synthesis strategies for porous carbon materials. This review focuses on the pore formation mechanisms in traditional carbonization‐activation methods, emerging activation methods, template methods, self‐template methods, and novel emerging methods for the synthesis of porous carbons for SCs. Strategies developed so far for the synthesis of porous carbon materials are summarized. The mechanisms and recent advances for each strategy are reviewed. Furthermore, future directions and synthesis strategies for porous carbons are proposed.

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Enhanced activation process of persulfate by mesoporous carbon for degradation of aqueous organic pollutants: Electron transfer mechanism

Cited by 645 publications

References 58 publications

Preparation and Catalytic Performance of Expanded Graphite for Oxidation of Organic Pollutant

Preparation and Catalytic Performance of Expanded Graphite for Oxidation of Organic Pollutant

New Sustainable Approach for the Production of Fe3O4/Graphene Oxide-Activated Persulfate System for Dye Removal in Real Wastewater

Synthesis Strategies of Porous Carbon for Supercapacitor Applications

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