Enhanced Acetaminophen Electrochemical Sensing Based on Nitrogen-Doped Graphene

Abstract

Because of the widespread acetaminophen usage and the danger of harmful overdosing effects, developing appropriate procedures for its quantitative and qualitative assay has always been an intriguing and fascinating problem. A quick, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly approach based on direct voltage anodic graphite rod exfoliation in the presence of inorganic salt aqueous solution ((NH4)2SO4–0.3 M) has been established for the preparation of nitrogen-doped graphene (exf-NGr). The XRD analysis shows that the working material appears as a mixture of few (76.43%) and multi-layers (23.57%) of N-doped graphenes. From XPS, the C/O ratio was calculated to be 0.39, indicating a significant number of structural defects and the existence of multiple oxygen-containing groups at the surface of graphene sheets caused by heteroatom doping. Furthermore, the electrochemical performances of glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) modified with exf-NGr for acetaminophen (AMP) detection and quantification have been assessed. The exf-NGr/GCE-modified electrode shows excellent reproducibility, stability, and anti-interfering characteristics with improved electrocatalytic activity over a wide detection range (0.1–100 µM), with a low limit for AMP detection (LOD = 3.03 nM). In addition, the developed sensor has been successfully applied in real sample analysis for the AMP quantification from different commercially available pharmaceutical formulations.

Harnessing Graphene-Modified Electrode Sensitivity for Enhanced Ciprofloxacin Detection

“…Furthermore, a small contribution of about 6.61% was assigned to the adsorbed water molecules. Similar results were obtained for other exfoliated graphene samples prepared in our group [28,[42][43][44]. Assignments of each deconvoluted XPS peak based on their binding energies (BE), atomic concentrations [AC, %] and full width at half maximum (FWHM) for each component are reported in Table S1 of the Electronic Supplementary Materials.…”

“…Santos and his co-workers [25] developed an electrochemical protocol for simultaneous CFX and paracetamol detection; a similar protocol was reported by Pollap et al [26] as well as Kergaravat and her co-workers [27]. The usage of carbon-based conductive materials (such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphenepolymer composites) has been shown to be extremely efficient [28]. A reduced graphene oxide/poly(phenol red) modified glassy carbon electrode was reported by Chauhan et al [29]; Xie et al [30] studied CFX detection based on a graphene-modified glassy carbon electrode; while Pan and his co-workers [31] used a graphene oxide-modified screen-printed electrode to detect CFX residue in milk.…”

Highly Sensitive Graphene-Based Electrochemical Sensor for Nitrite Assay in Waters

“…Until now, different types of spectroscopic [17,18], chromatographic [19][20][21], capillary electrophoretic [22] and electrochemical methods [23][24][25] have been developed and used for nitrite detection. Among these, due to its rapidity, sensibility and low costs, the electrochemical aproach has become one of the most popular and extensively used analytical tools [26]. To create electrochemical sensors with increased sensitivity and accuracy for nitrite detection, different nanomaterials have been embedded on electrode surfaces: nickel/PDDA/reduced graphene oxide [27], Ag-Fe 3 O 4 -graphene oxide magnetic nanocomposites [28], Fe 3 O 4 -reduced graphene oxide composite [29], metalorganic framework derived rod-like Co@carbon [30], La-based perovskite-type lanthanum aluminate nanorod-incorporated graphene oxide nanosheets [31], cobalt oxide decorated reduced graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes [32], gold-copper nanochain network [33], carbon nanotube (CNTs), chitosan and iron (II) phtalocyanine (C 32 H 16 FeN 8 ) composite [34]; gold nanoparticles/chitosan/MXenes nanocomposite [35], worm-like gold nanowires and assembled carbon nanofibers-CVD graphene hybrid [36]; photochemically-made gold nanoparticles [37], or graphene nanoparticles [38].…”

Enhancement of Dopamine Electrochemical Detection with Manganese Doped Crystalline Copper Oxide

“…Until now, various analytical tools have been developed and employed for dopamine assay including biochemical techniques-such as enzyme linked immuno-sorbet assay ELISA [10]; high-performance liquid chromatography-HPLC or reverse-phase HPLC [11,12]; spectrometric and spectrophotometric methods [13,14]; and capillary electrophoresis [15]. Since it was proved that dopamine electro-oxidation at conventional electrodes can be easily achieved [16]; the electrochemical approach gains a lot of popularity compared to the traditional detection methods, since electrochemical techniques are straightforward to use, generate a rapid response with minimal expense and high selectivity, and do not necessitate bulky machinery or highly trained personnel [17]. Moreover, dopamine electrochemical detection has proven to be a powerful tool for understanding the complex mechanisms underlying dopamine-related disorders and developing novel therapeutic approaches.…”