The carbon component in Ti3C2T
x
is found to assist the reduction and growth
of ruthenium
(Ru) during solvothermal processing. As a result, Ti3C2T
x
is transformed into TiO
x
with Ru nanoparticle incorporation. Furthermore,
the exfoliated nanosheet configuration of the derived substrate is
well preserved under a high OH– concentration, associated
with the generation of more defective sites. The achieved Ru@M-OH
ensemble possesses a low Ru amount of 3.63%, accompanied by enhanced
water adsorption and weakened hydrogen combination capability, promoting
the hydrogen production under pH-universal conditions.