Engineering the interfacial chemistry and mechanical properties of cellulose-reinforced epoxy composites using atomic layer deposition (ALD)

Wooding, Jamie P.; Li, Yang; Kalaitzidou, Kyriaki; Losego, Mark D.

doi:10.1007/s10570-020-03188-5

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…In this way, the model presented here captures the transition from VPI behavior to a self-limiting surface coating behavior similar to atomic layer deposition (ALD). This type of surface coating behavior has been seen experimentally in vapor-phase treatments of polymers such as cellulose, poly(vinyl alcohol), and poly(acrylic acid), which possess high concentrations of reactive functional groups. ,− …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

Reaction–Diffusion Transport Model to Predict Precursor Uptake and Spatial Distribution in Vapor-Phase Infiltration Processes

et al. 2021

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Vapor-phase infiltration (VPI) has emerged as a scalable process for transforming polymer products into a variety of organic−inorganic hybrid materials with potential applications to a number of commercial industries. However, the fundamental transport kinetics of VPI are still not well understood. Most explorations to date have relied on simple Fickian diffusion models for VPI transport. However, these Fickian diffusion models often fail to entirely capture the physical phenomena of VPI because of the complex convolution of diffusion and reaction processes. In this work, a reaction−diffusion model is developed that provides additional insight into how the presence of reactions between polymers and metal-organic precursors modifies the transport behavior of the metal-organic VPI precursor through the infiltrated polymer. From this model, parameters such as the second-order rate constant for the reaction between the precursor and polymer and a diffusive hindering factor can be extracted. The model is shown to both fit well to physical measurements and, more critically, predict experimental outcomes. Additionally, nondimensionalization is employed to create domain maps based on a wide variety of VPI parameters. The resulting domain maps showcase the breadth of behaviors captured by this reaction−diffusion model for VPI.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

Reaction–Diffusion Transport Model to Predict Precursor Uptake and Spatial Distribution in Vapor-Phase Infiltration Processes

et al. 2021

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“…A similar reduction in mechanical strength has been reported when CNCs and the polymer matrix were not sufficiently compatible. [ 61,62 ]…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A similar reduction in mechanical strength has been reported when CNCs and the polymer matrix were not sufficiently compatible. [61,62] Figure 5. Effect of loading of CNCs with different hydrophilicity on the PSA properties.…”

Section: Effect Of Cnc Loadings On the Psa Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incorporating Hydrophobic Cellulose Nanocrystals inside Latex Particles via Mini‐Emulsion Polymerization

Pakdel

Cranston

Dubé

2021

Macro Reaction Engineering

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Hydrophobic cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are encapsulated inside poly(butyl acrylate/vinyl acetate/acrylic acid) latex particles via mini‐emulsion polymerization (MEP). To achieve a genuine MEP, the effects of the concentration of surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulfate/Disponil A3065) and a hydrophobic agent (octadecyl acrylate (ODA)) are optimized in the presence of 0.5 wt% CNC. Using a combination of surfactant and ODA concentrations leading to a particle nucleation method restricted to the monomer droplets, the effects of CNC loading up to 1.5 wt% on the polymerization process and final nanocomposite properties are studied. Despite an increase in particle size and a lower rate of polymerization at higher CNC loadings, the droplet nucleation mechanism remains dominant up to 1.25 wt% CNC loading. Pressure‐sensitive adhesive (PSA) performance for nanocomposites produced using hydrophobic CNCs in MEP decreases whereas performance improves considerably when using hydrophilic and partially hydrophobic CNCs in conventional emulsion polymerization. These results shed light on emulsion polymerization technique selection and CNC surface properties for greener industrial production of water‐based PSAs.

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“…Inorganics are often incorporated into polymeric textiles to induce particular properties, including flame retardancy , and UV stability. , Industrially, liquid-based techniques have been used to add inorganic finishes to textiles. However, laborious soaking and drying steps can be avoided through the use of vapor-phase processes. , For example, inorganic surface coatings created through atomic layer deposition (ALD) (a vapor-phase process) on polymer substrates have been shown to create antibacterial textiles, , control the wetting behavior of polymer substrates, − compatibilize the interface of polymer mechanical reinforcements for use in composites, , deacidify and provide UV protection to paper, induce electrical conductivity, ,− and even transform commodity textiles into flexible resistive heaters . While ALD usually forms an inorganic surface coating, vapor-phase processes such as vapor-phase infiltration (VPI) can also be used to introduce inorganics into the sub-surface and bulk of a polymer. − In VPI, a polymer-based material (such as a fabric, fiber, or film) is placed within a reactor where it is exposed to vapor-phase metalorganic precursors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wash Fastness of Hybrid AlO_x-PET Fabrics Created via Vapor-Phase Infiltration

Pyronneau

Gonzalez

Jean

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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Vapor-phase infiltration (VPI) infuses polymers with metalorganics to create organic−inorganic hybrid materials with properties distinct from the parent polymer. While many studies exist demonstrating the utility of VPI, few studies investigate the stability of the chemical structure and properties of the hybrid material under longterm use conditions. Herein, the durability to simulated washing of AlO x -poly(ethylene terephthalate) hybrid fabrics prepared via VPI with trimethylaluminum (TMA) and water vapor at temperatures 60, 80, 100, 120, and 140 °C under excess TMA infiltration conditions is investigated. The inorganic loading of the fabrics varies with VPI process temperature, with fabrics prepared below 100 °C containing ∼25 wt % inorganic and fabrics prepared above 100 °C having ∼17 wt % inorganic as measured by thermogravimetric analysis. Consistent with literature reports, AlO x -PET fabrics exhibit changes in color and photoluminescence that vary with the infiltration temperature. Fabrics infiltrated at lower temperatures (100 °C and below) with high inorganic loading lose a significant quantity of inorganic following washing. This loss is attributed to the formation of highly brittle, oxide-rich hybrid layers near the fibers' surfaces that delaminate and are removed during the washing process. Decreasing the inorganic loading of fabrics at these low infiltration temperatures (by controlling the relative precursor/fabric quantity) improves the wash durability of these hybrid fabrics. At higher infiltration temperatures, a negligible amount of inorganic is lost. In addition to these physical changes, differences in the photoluminescence and chemical structure, indicated by infrared spectroscopy, are observed for all fabrics and provide insights into their chemical structure and degradation pathways.

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Engineering the interfacial chemistry and mechanical properties of cellulose-reinforced epoxy composites using atomic layer deposition (ALD)

Cited by 7 publications

References 44 publications

Reaction–Diffusion Transport Model to Predict Precursor Uptake and Spatial Distribution in Vapor-Phase Infiltration Processes

Reaction–Diffusion Transport Model to Predict Precursor Uptake and Spatial Distribution in Vapor-Phase Infiltration Processes

Incorporating Hydrophobic Cellulose Nanocrystals inside Latex Particles via Mini‐Emulsion Polymerization

Wash Fastness of Hybrid AlO_x-PET Fabrics Created via Vapor-Phase Infiltration

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Engineering the interfacial chemistry and mechanical properties of cellulose-reinforced epoxy composites using atomic layer deposition (ALD)

Cited by 7 publications

References 44 publications

Reaction–Diffusion Transport Model to Predict Precursor Uptake and Spatial Distribution in Vapor-Phase Infiltration Processes

Reaction–Diffusion Transport Model to Predict Precursor Uptake and Spatial Distribution in Vapor-Phase Infiltration Processes

Incorporating Hydrophobic Cellulose Nanocrystals inside Latex Particles via Mini‐Emulsion Polymerization

Wash Fastness of Hybrid AlOx-PET Fabrics Created via Vapor-Phase Infiltration

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Product

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Wash Fastness of Hybrid AlO_x-PET Fabrics Created via Vapor-Phase Infiltration