Engineering the Interaction Dynamics between Nano‐Topographical Immunocyte‐Templated Micromotors across Scales from Ions to Cells

Abstract

Manufacturing mobile artificial micromotors with structural design factors, such as morphology nanoroughness and surface chemistry, can improve the capture efficiency through enhancing contact interactions with their surrounding targets. Understanding the interplay of such parameters targeting high locomotion performance and high capture efficiency at the same time is of paramount importance, yet, has so far been overlooked. Here, an immunocyte‐templated nano‐topographical micromotor is engineered and their interactions with various targets across multiple scales, from ions to cells are investigated. The macrophage templated nanorough micromotor demonstrates significantly increased surface interactions and significantly improved and highly efficient removal of targets from complex aqueous solutions, including in plasma and diluted blood, when compared to smooth synthetic material templated micromotors with the same size and surface chemistry. These results suggest that the surface nanoroughness of the micromotors for the locomotion performance and interactions with the multiscale targets should be considered simultaneously, for they are highly interconnected in design considerations impacting applications across scales.

Polymeric Micro/Nanocarriers and Motors for Cargo Transport and Phototriggered Delivery

“…They are then analyzed using tracking software or programs such as Image J to quantify the velocity and distance traveled by the particles. [192][193][194] Nanoparticle trace analysis (NTA)…”

Engineering Hydrogel‐Based Biomedical Photonics: Design, Fabrication, and Applications

“…[ 174 ] Additionally, integration of cells with hydrogels and their manipulation toward motion can further lead to living robots. [ 175,176 ] Overall, these are very lively fields of research, and the topic of soft microrobots has been extensively reviewed throughout recent years. [ 177–180 ] As such, here, we focus our discussion on the recent advances in light‐driven hydrogel robots.…”

Manganese‐Based Micro/Nanomotors: Synthesis, Motion, and Applications

“…[95] For example, the cancer cells were captured and damaged by immunocyte bio-template-based Mn-micro/nanomotors during powerful self-motion (Figure 10d). [94] In addition, Ag-modified Mn-micro/nanomotors were exploited to kill bacteria via a synergistic effect of generated ROS and leached Ag ions, as demonstrated in Figure 10e. [95] Specifically, bacterial death empowered by PEDOT/MnO 2 @Ag micro/nanomotors (92%) was greatly higher than that by PEDOT/MnO 2 micro/ nanomotors (43%).…”

“…Reproduced with permission. [94] Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH GmbH. e) Killing bacteria using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/MnO 2 @Ag micro/nanomotors.…”

“…d) Multi-application by immunocyte bio-template based Mn-micro/nanomotors. Reproduced with permission [94]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH GmbH.…”