Engineering Textile Electrode and Bacterial Cellulose Nanofiber Reinforced Hydrogel Electrolyte to Enable High‐Performance Flexible All‐Solid‐State Supercapacitors

Abstract

The fabrication of highly durable, flexible, all‐solid‐state supercapacitors (ASCs) remains challenging because of the unavoidable mechanical stress that such devices are subjected to in wearable applications. Natural/artificial fiber textiles are regarded as prospective materials for flexible ASCs due to their outstanding physicochemical properties. Here, a high‐performance ASC is designed by employing graphene‐encapsulated polyester fiber loaded with polyaniline as the flexible electrodes and bacterial cellulose (BC) nanofiber‐reinforced polyacrylamide as the hydrogel electrolyte. The ASC combines the textile electrode capable of arbitrary deformation with the BC‐reinforced hydrogel with high ionic conductivity (125 mS cm−1), high tensile strength (330 kPa), and superelasticity (stretchability up to ≈1300%), giving rise to a device with high stability/compatibility between the electrodes and electrolyte that is compliant with flexible electronics. As a result, this ASC delivers high areal capacitance of 564 mF cm−2, excellent rate capability, good energy/power densities, and more importantly, superior mechanical properties without significant capacitance degradation after repeated bending, confirming the functionality of the ASC under mechanical deformation. This work demonstrates an effective design for a sufficiently tough energy storage device, which shows great potential in truly wearable applications.

Biocompatible, High‐Performance, Wet‐Adhesive, Stretchable All‐Hydrogel Supercapacitor Implant Based on PANI@rGO/Mxenes Electrode and Hydrogel Electrolyte

“…The electrochemical performance of our all‐hydrogel micro‐supercapacitor is comparable or higher than many reported full cells (Table S1, Supporting Information), for instance, supercapacitors with electrodes of rGO paper (234 mF cm −2 ), [ 51 ] rGO/graphite (80 F g −1 , 15.6 mF cm −2 ), [ 52 ] PANI/CNT (330 mF cm −2 ), [ 53 ] PANI/rGO (564 mF cm −2 ), [ 54 ] rGO/Mxenes (34.6 mF cm −2 ), [ 47 ] ppy/carbon (136.99 mF cm −2 ), [ 55 ] ppy/rGO/SnCl 2 (1117 mF cm −2 ), [ 56 ] Mxenes/MnO 2 (205 mF cm −2 ), [ 57 ] ppy/MnO 2 (1240 mF cm −2 ), [ 58 ] PANI/rGO (5.717 F cm −2 ), [ 41 ] MoS 2 @rGO/CNT (13.7 mF cm −2 ), [ 59 ] AgNW/MoS 2 (27.6 mF cm −2 ), [ 60 ] InSe/graphene (0.72 F cm −2 ), [ 61 ] manganese/vanadium (Mn/V) oxide/MCNT (11.8 mF cm −2 ), [ 62 ] graphene/ZnP nanosheets (4.9 F cm −2 ), [ 63 ] Si/C/MnO 2 (223.74 mF cm −12 ), [ 64 ] V 2 O 5 /rGO (207.9 mF cm −2 ), [ 65 ] Mxenes (108.1 mF cm −2 ), [ 66 ] Mxenes/Bacterial celluloses (111.5 mF cm −2 ), [ 67 ] Cu‐MOF/PPy (252.1 mF cm −2 ), [ 68 ] MWCNT/Mxenes/Carbon (114.8 mF cm −2 ), [ 69 ] molybdenum oxide (MoO x ) (112.5 mF cm −2 ). [ 21 ]…”

Cellulose-Derived Nanostructures as Sustainable Biomass for Supercapacitors: A Review

“…The as-developed ASS supercapacitor exhibited high ionic conductivity of 125 mS/cm, high tensile strength of 330 kPa, and excellent elasticity (stretching up to ~1300%). Moreover, the ASS supercapacitor showed high areal capacitance (564 mF/cm 2 ), remarkable rate capability, high energy/power densities, and superior mechanical performance without significant capacitance reduction after repeated bending [ 155 ].…”

Recent Development of Flexible and Stretchable Supercapacitors Using Transition Metal Compounds as Electrode Materials

“…[ 73–77 ] Stretchable 3D structured SCs can be achieved by using kirigami/origami methods, [ 78–80 ] 3D printing technology, [ 65,81 ] or 3D textiles. [ 64,82 ] Elastic polymers such as polyurethane (PU), [ 83 ] polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), [ 84,85 ] and silicone rubber (Ecoflex) [ 69,86 ] are used as stretchable substrates owing to their good stretchability, tensile recovery, and transparency. These insulating polymer substrates can be transformed into conductive current collectors by incorporating with conductive carbon, metals, or conducting polymers.…”