Engineering Smut Resistance in Maize by Site-Directed Mutagenesis of LIPOXYGENASE 3

Pathi, Krishna Mohan; Rink, Philipp; Budhagatapalli, Nagaveni; Betz, Ruben; Saado, Indira; Hiekel, Stefan; Becker, Martin A.; Djamei, Armin; Kumlehn, Jochen

doi:10.3389/fpls.2020.543895

Cited by 25 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 82 publications

(107 reference statements)

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“…Among the well-studied maize 9-LOXs, zmlox3 mutant displayed enhanced resistance to multiple pathogens, including Cochliobolus heterostrophus, F. verticillioides, C. graminicola , and Ustilago maydis . This reveals that this specific gene is a susceptibility factor in response to these pathogens (Gao et al, 2007 ; Battilani et al, 2018 ; Pathi et al, 2020 ). On the contrary, the other 9-LOX genes, ZmLOX4, ZmLOX5 , and ZmLOX12 were reported to be required for defense against F. verticillioides in maize, as lox4 and lox5 mutants were susceptible to F. verticillioides , accompanied by decreased levels of JAs (Park, 2012 ; Christensen et al, 2014 ; Battilani et al, 2018 , Lanubile et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In maize, ZmLOX1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 12 comprise the 9-LOX category (Christensen et al, 2014 ; Borrego and Kolomiets, 2016 ). Functional analysis of zmlox3-4 mutant showed that the oxylipins produced by this specific 9-LOX are required for fungal pathogenesis by F. verticillioides and other pathogens of leaf, stem, and root (Gao et al, 2007 ; Isakeit et al, 2007 ; Pathi et al, 2020 ), Increased resistance of zmlox3-4 mutant to F. verticillioides was explained by the over-expression of other 9-LOXs, ZmLOX4, ZmLOX5 , and ZmLOX12 , as zmlox4, zmlox5 , and zmlox12 mutants were more susceptible to F. verticillioides , due to decreased JA levels in response to infection (Christensen et al, 2014 ; Battilani et al, 2018 ). However, the roles of 9-oxylipins in maize resistance to GSR remain unexplored.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transcriptome and Oxylipin Profiling Joint Analysis Reveals Opposite Roles of 9-Oxylipins and Jasmonic Acid in Maize Resistance to Gibberella Stalk Rot

et al. 2021

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Gibberella stalk rot caused by Fusarium graminearum is one of the devastating diseases of maize that causes significant yield losses worldwide. The molecular mechanisms regulating defense against this pathogen remain poorly understood. According to recent studies, a major oxylipin hormone produced by 13-lipoxygenases (LOX) namely jasmonic acid (JA) has been associated with maize susceptibility to GSR. However, the specific roles of numerous 9-LOX-derived oxylipins in defense against Gibberella stalk rot (GSR) remain unexplained. In this study, we have shown that disruption of a 9-LOX gene, ZmLOX5, resulted in increased susceptibility to GSR, indicating its role in defense. To understand how ZmLOX5 regulates GSR resistance, we conducted transcriptome and oxylipin profiling using a zmlox5-3 mutant and near-isogenic wild type B73, upon infection with F. graminearum. The results showed that JA biosynthetic pathway genes were highly up-regulated, whereas multiple 9-LOX pathway genes were down-regulated in the infected zmlox5-3 mutant. Furthermore, oxylipin profiling of the mutant revealed significantly higher contents of several jasmonates but relatively lower levels of 9-oxylipins in zmlox5-3 upon infection. In contrast, B73 and W438, a more resistant inbred line, displayed relatively lower levels of JAs, but a considerable increase of 9-oxylipins. These results suggest antagonistic interaction between 9-oxylipins and JAs, wherein 9-oxylipins contribute to resistance while JAs facilitate susceptibility to F. graminearum.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptome and Oxylipin Profiling Joint Analysis Reveals Opposite Roles of 9-Oxylipins and Jasmonic Acid in Maize Resistance to Gibberella Stalk Rot

et al. 2021

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“…Most research has focused primarily on plant responses to abiotic stress [27,[39][40][41][42], but there is also an increasing number of studies that also examine some form of biotic stress factors [11,[43][44][45]. The crops included in the experiments come primarily from the most important crops, such as maize.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Physiological and Biochemical Responses of European Chestnut (Castanea sativa L.) to Blight Fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica (Murill) Barr)

Kovács

Szőke

Tóth

et al. 2021

Plants

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The most important disease of European chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) is chestnut blight caused by the fungus Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) Barr which induces yield reduction in Europe and North America. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of C. parasitica infection on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of European chestnut at two different growth stages, 3 and 6 weeks after the infection. The amount of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, and carotenoids), the relative chlorophyll content, and the photochemical efficiency of the photosystem II (PSII) were measured in the leaves above and below the virulent and hypovirulent C. parasitica infections. The highest values were measured in the control leaves, the lowest values were in the leaves of the upper part of virulent necrosis. Antioxidant enzyme activities such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), proline, and malondialdehyde concentrations were also investigated. In each of these measured values, the lowest level was measured in the control leaves, while the highest was in leaves infected with the virulent fungal strain. By measuring all of these stress indicator parameters the responses of chestnut to C. parasitica infection can be monitored and determined. The results of this study showed that the virulent strain caused more pronounced defense responses of chestnut’s defense system. The measured parameter above the infection was more exposed to the blight fungus disease relative to the leaves below the infection.

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“…tomato ( Pto ) DC3000 in tomato ( Ortigosa et al, 2019 ), Os8N3 for resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae ( Xoo ) in rice ( Kim et al, 2019 ), and LIPOXYGENASE 3 ( lox3 ) for resistance to Ustilago maydis in maize ( Pathi et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Crispr/cas Is a Robust And Powerful Tool For Precision Brementioning

confidence: 99%

CRISPR/Cas: a Nobel Prize award-winning precise genome editing technology for gene therapy and crop improvement

Brant

Budak

et al. 2021

J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B

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Since it was first recognized in bacteria and archaea as a mechanism for innate viral immunity in the early 2010s, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) has rapidly been developed into a robust, multifunctional genome editing tool with many uses. Following the discovery of the initial CRISPR/Cas-based system, the technology has been advanced to facilitate a multitude of different functions. These include development as a base editor, prime editor, epigenetic editor, and CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) and CRISPR activator (CRISPRa) gene regulators. It can also be used for chromatin and RNA targeting and imaging. Its applications have proved revolutionary across numerous biological fields, especially in biomedical and agricultural improvement. As a diagnostic tool, CRISPR has been developed to aid the detection and screening of both human and plant diseases, and has even been applied during the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. CRISPR/Cas is also being trialed as a new form of gene therapy for treating various human diseases, including cancers, and has aided drug development. In terms of agricultural breeding, precise targeting of biological pathways via CRISPR/Cas has been key to regulating molecular biosynthesis and allowing modification of proteins, starch, oil, and other functional components for crop improvement. Adding to this, CRISPR/Cas has been shown capable of significantly enhancing both plant tolerance to environmental stresses and overall crop yield via the targeting of various agronomically important gene regulators. Looking to the future, increasing the efficiency and precision of CRISPR/Cas delivery systems and limiting off-target activity are two major challenges for wider application of the technology. This review provides an in-depth overview of current CRISPR development, including the advantages and disadvantages of the technology, recent applications, and future considerations.

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Engineering Smut Resistance in Maize by Site-Directed Mutagenesis of LIPOXYGENASE 3

Cited by 25 publications

References 82 publications

Transcriptome and Oxylipin Profiling Joint Analysis Reveals Opposite Roles of 9-Oxylipins and Jasmonic Acid in Maize Resistance to Gibberella Stalk Rot

Transcriptome and Oxylipin Profiling Joint Analysis Reveals Opposite Roles of 9-Oxylipins and Jasmonic Acid in Maize Resistance to Gibberella Stalk Rot

The Physiological and Biochemical Responses of European Chestnut (Castanea sativa L.) to Blight Fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica (Murill) Barr)

CRISPR/Cas: a Nobel Prize award-winning precise genome editing technology for gene therapy and crop improvement

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