Engineering Secondary Metabolism in Maize Cells by Ectopic Expression of Transcription Factors

Grotewold, Erich; Chamberlin, Mark A.; Snook, M. E.; Siame, Bupe A.; Butler, Larry G.; Swenson, Jan; Maddock, S. E.; Clair, Grace St.; Bowen, Ben

doi:10.2307/3870660

Cited by 126 publications

(199 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…To investigate whether histone modifications are associated with the activation of the flavonoid genes by C1 and R, we analyzed previously described (22) transgenic BMS cells constitutively expressing R and C1 from the 35S promoter (BMS RϩC1 ). ChIP experiments were performed in parallel on BMS and BMS RϩC1 cells with commercial antibodies that recognize several different modifications of H3, including H3K9/14ac, H3K9/ 14me 2 , H3K4me 2 , H3K4me 3 , and H3K27me 2 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plant Materials. The generation and analysis of the BMS cells expressing p35SC1 and p35SR were previously described (22).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For transient expression assays of firefly luciferase and Renilla luciferase (Renilla), the DualLuciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega) was used. For each microprojectile preparation, the mass of DNA was adjusted to 10 g with p35SBAR (22) to equalize the amount of 35S promoter in each bombardment. One microgram of each regulator and 3 g of reporter plasmid (pA1Luc) were used in each bombardment.…”

Section: Protein-protein Interaction Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The basic helix–loop–helix domain of maize R links transcriptional regulation and histone modifications by recruitment of an EMSY-related factor

Hernandez

Feller

Morohashi³

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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The control of anthocyanin accumulation in maize by the cooperation of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein R with the MYB transcription factor C1 provides one of the best examples of plant combinatorial transcriptional control. Establishing the function of the bHLH domain of R has remained elusive, and so far no proteins that interact with this conserved domain have been identified. We show here that the bHLH domain of R is dispensable for the activation of transiently expressed genes yet is essential for the activation of the endogenous genes in their normal chromatin environment. The activation of A1, one of the anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, is associated with increased acetylation of histone 3 (H3) at K9/K14 in the promoter region to which the C1/R complex binds. We identified R-interacting factor 1 (RIF1) as a nuclear, AGENET domain-containing EMSY-like protein that specifically interacts with the bHLH region of R. Knockdown experiments show that RIF1 is necessary for the activation of the endogenous promoters but not of transiently expressed genes. ChIP experiments established that RIF1 is tethered to the regulatory region of the A1 promoter by the C1/R complex. Together, these findings describe a function for the bHLH domain of R in linking transcriptional regulation with chromatin functions by the recruitment of an EMSY-related factor.anthocyanin ͉ BRCA2 ͉ chromatin T he evolution of multicellular organisms was accompanied by an increase in the complexity of gene regulatory mechanisms, reflected in the dramatic expansion of transcription factor families and in the intricate interactions between regulatory proteins and cis-regulatory elements in what is commonly known as combinatorial transcriptional control. Superimposed on this complexity is the understanding that histone modifications and chromatin structure are intimately linked to the regulatory activity of many transcription factors (1). Establishing the interactions between combinatorial gene regulation and histone functions thus poses a problem of significant biological importance.The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors is among the largest in animals and plants (2). bHLH domains are characterized by the presence of an Ϸ18-residue hydrophilic basic helix followed by two amphipathic ␣-helices separated by a loop (3, 4). When present, basic regions contribute to the binding of bHLH factors to DNA, through cisregulatory elements, termed E-boxes, with the CANNTG consensus, whereas HLH motifs participate in homodimer or heterodimer formation (4). Maize R was the first plant bHLH transcription factor described (5). R belongs to a small gene family, which includes B, and R/B specify anthocyanin pigmentation in different plant tissues (6). They participate in the transcriptional regulation of the anthocyanin pathway genes through the cooperation with the R2R3-MYB transcription factor C1 or its paralog, PL1 (7). C1 and R/B physically interact through the MYB domain of C1 and the N-terminal region of R (which does not contai...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plant Materials. The generation and analysis of the BMS cells expressing p35SC1 and p35SR were previously described (22).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Protein-protein Interaction Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The basic helix–loop–helix domain of maize R links transcriptional regulation and histone modifications by recruitment of an EMSY-related factor

Hernandez

Feller

Morohashi³

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Flavones are also important UV protectants in the aerial parts of plant. During plant defense responses, some plants accumulate significant amount of flavones as reservoirs of phytoalexins (Grotewold et al, 1998). Since the discovery that luteolin can specifically induce nod gene expression in S. meliloti, flavones have been speculated to play a major role in legume-rhizobium interactions as well, especially for the Medicago genus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is not known if M. truncatula produces any 2-hydroxyflavanones or their derivatives (other than flavones). However, there are several nonlegume plant species that produce 2-hydroxyflavanones derivatives (Grotewold et al, 1998), but biosynthetic enzymes from those species have not been characterized in detail. For example, maize (Zea mays) produces isovitexin, isoorientin, and isoscoparin, which are 2-hydroxyflavanone derivatives (Grotewold et al, 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flavone Synthases from Medicago truncatula Are Flavanone-2-Hydroxylases and Are Important for Nodulation

et al. 2007

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Flavones are important copigments found in the flowers of many higher plants and play a variety of roles in plant adaptation to stress. In Medicago species, flavones also act as signal molecules during symbiotic interaction with the diazotropic bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti. They are the most potent nod gene inducers found in root exudates. However, flavone synthase II (FNS II), the key enzyme responsible for flavone biosynthesis, has not been characterized in Medicago species. We cloned two FNS II genes from Medicago truncatula using known FNS II sequences from other species and named them MtFNSII-1 and MtFNSII-2. Functional assays in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) suggested that the catalytic mechanisms of both cytochrome P450 monooxygenases were similar to the other known legume FNS II from licorice (Glycyrrhiza echinata). MtFNSII converted flavanones to 2-hydroxyflavanones instead of flavones whereas FNS II from the nonlegume Gerbera hybrida, converted flavanones to flavones directly. The two MtFNSII genes had distinct tissue-specific expression patterns. MtFNSII-1 was highly expressed in roots and seeds whereas MtFNSII-2 was highly expressed in flowers and siliques. In addition, MtFNSII-2 was inducible by S. meliloti and methyl jasmonate treatment, whereas MtFNSII-1 was not. Histochemical staining of transgenic hairy roots carrying the promoter-reporter constructs indicated that the MtFNSII-2 induction was tissue specific, mostly localized to vascular tissues and root hairs. RNA interference-mediated suppression of MtFNSII genes resulted in flavone depleted roots and led to significantly reduced nodulation when inoculated with S. meliloti. Our results provide genetic evidence supporting that flavones are important for nodulation in M. truncatula.

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Phenols in the plant and in man. The potential for possible nutritional enhancement of the diet by modifying the phenols content or profile

Parr

Bolwell

2000

J. Sci. Food Agric.

645

327

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There is growing recognition that many phenolic secondary metabolites present in foodstuffs may possibly exert beneficial effects on human health. This may to some degree be mediated via antioxidant actions, but a range of more specific pharmacological effects have also been proposed. Given this background, there may be favourable consequences for the general health of Western populations as a result of optimising the phenolic content of the diet. This paper reviews what is known of the function of phenolics both in the plant and in man. It also describes current understanding of the biosynthesis of phenolics in plants, with emphasis on where potential controlling steps may exist. Finally, advances in identification and isolation of the genes coding for phenolic biosynthetic enzymes or regulatory proteins are also summarised. Taken together, this information provides a basis for attempts to modify and optimise the phenolic content of food crops, using either conventional plant breeding along with manipulation of agronomic practices, or else the more targeted approaches of modern molecular biology. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry

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Engineering Secondary Metabolism in Maize Cells by Ectopic Expression of Transcription Factors

Cited by 126 publications

References 34 publications

The basic helix–loop–helix domain of maize R links transcriptional regulation and histone modifications by recruitment of an EMSY-related factor

The basic helix–loop–helix domain of maize R links transcriptional regulation and histone modifications by recruitment of an EMSY-related factor

Flavone Synthases from Medicago truncatula Are Flavanone-2-Hydroxylases and Are Important for Nodulation

Phenols in the plant and in man. The potential for possible nutritional enhancement of the diet by modifying the phenols content or profile

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