“…As is the usual case, the most common method of loading drugs in BC membranes is via immersion in the drug solution usually following lyophilisation to allow for maximum absorption of the drug [46]. The most common drugs to be incorporated into bacterial cellulose are anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen and diclofenac, and antimicrobial drugs [47][48][49][50][51][52]. The efficiency of bacterial cellulose as a drug delivery material can be improved to provide additional properties and functions by exploiting tensile strength and water uptake to load the cellulose with antimicrobial compounds such as antibiotics [53,54].…”
Section: Bacterial Cellulose As a Biotechnological Materials 41 Drug Deliverymentioning
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is an extracellular polymer produced by Komagateibacter xylinus, which has been shown to possess a multitude of properties, which makes it innately useful as a next-generation biopolymer. The structure of BC is comprised of glucose monomer units polymerised by cellulose synthase in β-1-4 glucan chains which form uniaxially orientated BC fibril bundles which measure 3–8 nm in diameter. BC is chemically identical to vegetal cellulose. However, when BC is compared with other natural or synthetic analogues, it shows a much higher performance in biomedical applications, potable treatment, nano-filters and functional applications. The main reason for this superiority is due to the high level of chemical purity, nano-fibrillar matrix and crystallinity. Upon using BC as a carrier or scaffold with other materials, unique and novel characteristics can be observed, which are all relatable to the features of BC. These properties, which include high tensile strength, high water holding capabilities and microfibrillar matrices, coupled with the overall physicochemical assets of bacterial cellulose makes it an ideal candidate for further scientific research into biopolymer development. This review thoroughly explores several areas in which BC is being investigated, ranging from biomedical applications to electronic applications, with a focus on the use as a next-generation wound dressing. The purpose of this review is to consolidate and discuss the most recent advancements in the applications of bacterial cellulose, primarily in biomedicine, but also in biotechnology.
“…As is the usual case, the most common method of loading drugs in BC membranes is via immersion in the drug solution usually following lyophilisation to allow for maximum absorption of the drug [46]. The most common drugs to be incorporated into bacterial cellulose are anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen and diclofenac, and antimicrobial drugs [47][48][49][50][51][52]. The efficiency of bacterial cellulose as a drug delivery material can be improved to provide additional properties and functions by exploiting tensile strength and water uptake to load the cellulose with antimicrobial compounds such as antibiotics [53,54].…”
Section: Bacterial Cellulose As a Biotechnological Materials 41 Drug Deliverymentioning
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is an extracellular polymer produced by Komagateibacter xylinus, which has been shown to possess a multitude of properties, which makes it innately useful as a next-generation biopolymer. The structure of BC is comprised of glucose monomer units polymerised by cellulose synthase in β-1-4 glucan chains which form uniaxially orientated BC fibril bundles which measure 3–8 nm in diameter. BC is chemically identical to vegetal cellulose. However, when BC is compared with other natural or synthetic analogues, it shows a much higher performance in biomedical applications, potable treatment, nano-filters and functional applications. The main reason for this superiority is due to the high level of chemical purity, nano-fibrillar matrix and crystallinity. Upon using BC as a carrier or scaffold with other materials, unique and novel characteristics can be observed, which are all relatable to the features of BC. These properties, which include high tensile strength, high water holding capabilities and microfibrillar matrices, coupled with the overall physicochemical assets of bacterial cellulose makes it an ideal candidate for further scientific research into biopolymer development. This review thoroughly explores several areas in which BC is being investigated, ranging from biomedical applications to electronic applications, with a focus on the use as a next-generation wound dressing. The purpose of this review is to consolidate and discuss the most recent advancements in the applications of bacterial cellulose, primarily in biomedicine, but also in biotechnology.
“…In particular, Ao et al [24], exploited the antibacterial activity of HACC and used it to prepare wound dressing systems. The authors demonstrated that wound dressings with good antibacterial properties and biocompatibility could be obtained by optimizing the concentration and the degree of substitution (DS) of HACC in bacterial cellulose culture medium.…”
Section: Quaternary Ammonium Chitosan Derivatives: Principal Charactementioning
As a natural polysaccharide, chitosan has good biocompatibility, biodegradability and biosecurity. The hydroxyl and amino groups present in its structure make it an extremely versatile and chemically modifiable material. In recent years, various synthetic strategies have been used to modify chitosan, mainly to solve the problem of its insolubility in neutral physiological fluids. Thus, derivatives with negative or positive fixed charge were synthesized and used to prepare innovative drug delivery systems. Positively charged conjugates showed improved properties compared to unmodified chitosan. In this review the main quaternary ammonium derivatives of chitosan will be considered, their preparation and their applications will be described to evaluate the impact of the positive fixed charge on the improvement of the properties of the drug delivery systems based on these polymers. Furthermore, the performances of the proposed systems resulting from in vitro and ex vivo experiments will be taken into consideration, with particular attention to cytotoxicity of systems, and their ability to promote drug absorption.
“…Many studies have proved that chitosan polymer could penetrate BC to form a three‐dimensional multi‐layer scaffold structure, resulting in a film with antibacterial properties and excellent mechanical properties 14,15 . However, when chitosan was adsorbed onto BC membrane, there may be interaction between BC chain and chitosan chain, which would lead to the less number of available hydroxyl groups on the surface of BC membrane, thus reducing the hydrophilicity nature of the BC membrane 16 .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…multi-layer scaffold structure, resulting in a film with antibacterial properties and excellent mechanical properties. 14,15 However, when chitosan was adsorbed onto BC membrane, there may be interaction between BC chain and chitosan chain, which would lead to the less number of available hydroxyl groups on the surface of BC membrane, thus reducing the hydrophilicity nature of the BC membrane. 16 Previous study has found that grafting ferulic acid (FA) onto chitosan could increase its water solubility, 17 which might be explained that FA can destruct the inter-and intramolecular hydrogen bonds of chitosan, and the hydrophilicity of the FA hydroxyl group.…”
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a biomaterial with many excellent properties, but its application as a food packaging and biomedical material is limited due to its lack of antibacterial properties. In this study, ferulic acid (FA) grafted self-assembled bacterial cellulose-chitosan (BCF) membranes were prepared by soaking BC films in chitosan-ferulic acid (CF) solution to synthesize antibacterial biomaterials. 1 H NMR confirmed that FA grafted onto chitosan successfully. The results of field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and tensile analysis showed that CF were successfully incorporated into BC matrix and the BCF membranes had good physical properties. The antibacterial experiments demonstrated that BCF membranes had an excellent antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Therefore, combining all these properties, BCF composite membranes would have potential application in food packaging or wound-healing materials.
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