Engineering Properties of Snow

Mellor, Malcolm

doi:10.3189/s002214300002921x

Cited by 52 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Since visible radiation penetrates much deeper than near-infrared radiation the underlying ice surface reduces the albedo mainly in the visible and¯attens the curve. This has been con® rmed earlier by model calculations (Wiscombe and Warren 1980) and observations (Mellor 1977 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

Narrowband to broadband conversion of Landsat TM glacier albedos

Knap¹,

Reijmer²,

Oerlemans³

1999

International Journal of Remote Sensing

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In this paper we present an empirical relationship between the broadband glacier albedo (a) and the narrowband glacier albedos in Landsat TM bands 2 and 4 (a 2 and a 4 , respectively). The relationship was established on the basis of multiple linear regression analysis of 112 ground-based simultaneous measurements of a, a 2 and a 4 made at 32 sites on the tongue of the Morteratschgletscher, Switzerland. The measurements were carried out over a representative set of glacier surface types ranging from completely debris-covered glacier ice (a=0.08) to dry snow (a=0.86). The regression model explains more than 99% of the variance of the broadband albedo and the root-mean-square value of the residuals is only 0.009. The relationship enables users of Landsat TM data to make an accurate estimate of the broadband albedo on the basis of narrowband albedos without having to classify the glacier surface.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

Narrowband to broadband conversion of Landsat TM glacier albedos

Knap¹,

Reijmer²,

Oerlemans³

1999

International Journal of Remote Sensing

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“…To aid in the analysis, snow-ice interface temperatures were modeled using a simple 1-D thermodynamic model after (Nakawo & Sinha, 1981) (Table 3). The following data was used as input for the 1-D model: 1) SAT; 2) mean snow thickness per field site; 3) a mean snow density for all field sites (0.35 g/cm 3 ); 4) the melting/freezing point of sea ice (−1.8°C); 5) the thermal conductivities of snow (Mellor, 1977) and ice (Schwerdtfeger, 1963); and 6) sea ice thickness (1.5 m).…”

Section: Snow Property Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitivity of C-band synthetic aperture radar polarimetric parameters to snow thickness over landfast smooth first-year sea ice

Gill

Yackel

Geldsetzer

et al. 2015

Remote Sensing of Environment

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“…Numerous studies were produced for analysis; see for example [11][12][13][14][15]. The empirical thermo equation for ice has the form [16]: ( 1 2 ) Here V i is the ice volume, P is the pressure, and T is its temperature.…”

Section: The Models Of Sea Ice Formation At Water/ice Interfacementioning

confidence: 99%

The method to develop artificial ice for north seas

Tulaikova

Amirova

2006

SPIE Proceedings

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Rapidly vanishing polar ice may be supplemented with extensive artificial ice in order to alleviate effects of global warming. Here we consider methods for creating such artificial ice by introducing synthetic polymer rafts or films to the supercooled topmost water layer near ice sheet borders in northern Arctic seas. Such films will have three major effects. They will reflect incoming solar radiation, reducing ice melting, ocean absorption of solar energy, and net heating rates. The films will also provide additional sites for nucleation of ice crystals. Finally, by decreasing wave amplitudes in their immediate vicinity, polymer films will allow ice crystals to aggregate into larger ice structures. 1.IntroductionOne of the most important threats to modern society at the present time is the process of global temperature increase due to world fuel consumption [1]. We have begun investigating a new method for increasing the area coverage of sea ice. The main study areas provided access to a range of sea ice conditions [2], including smooth, rubble, lightly ridged and heavily ridged first-year ice, multiyear ice with refrozen ponds, and ice of various thicknesses. Large areas of the Arctic seas experience unstable conditions where supercooled surface water is mixed with small pieces of solid ice, ranging from mm to m in size. Although the air temperature may be between -30 to -10 C°, the ice pieces are prevented from aggregating into larger ice platforms due to chaotic movement and friction induced by water motion in the form of waves and currents. Arctic sea ice has declined in area coverage by 8% per decade since the 1970's. Summertime ice cover in the Arctic is now between 5 and 6 million km 2 . Dry snow on top of sea ice can reflect 70-90% of incoming solar radiation, while open water reflects only 7-10%. Loss of sea ice creates a positive feedback which can intensify the effects of global warming. If loss of sea ice could be reversed, slowed, or somehow mitigated, it could have significant effects upon the global heat budget. Current efforts in this endeavor are focused on developing methods, algorithms, and optimal tools for stabilizing the ice cover. At the observed very low air temperatures, the small effort associated with connecting artificial fragments will produce large and stable platforms, which will grow into ice sheets quite similar to the natural ones.Large regions of supercooled water could be treated using special polymer films or tapes applied from the air. Typical widths of individual rafts or films might begin at the scales of a few to several meters. This artificial element provides the water-wave destruction and ice formation around itself. A broad class of polymers and composites hold great promise for this application. During crystallization, the initial small pieces provide additional nucleation sites for formation of additional crystals. In the supercooled water, addition of artificial films provides yet more crystallization centers. On a microscopic scale, the water stability in the poly...

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Engineering Properties of Snow

Cited by 52 publications

References 42 publications

Narrowband to broadband conversion of Landsat TM glacier albedos

Narrowband to broadband conversion of Landsat TM glacier albedos

Sensitivity of C-band synthetic aperture radar polarimetric parameters to snow thickness over landfast smooth first-year sea ice

The method to develop artificial ice for north seas

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