Engineering properties of controlled low strength material (CLSM) incorporating red mud

Manh, Tan; Kim, Young Sang

doi:10.1186/s40703-016-0022-y

Cited by 48 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…CLSM is described as a material that is cementitious, which levels and compacts itself and can essentially be used for backfilling in the place of conventional compacted backfill soil and/or structural fillings (Howard and Hitch, 1998;Lee et al, 2013;Ling et al, 2018;Kaliyavaradhan et al, 2019). CLSM usually have crushing strengths values of 8.3 N/mm 2 or lower at 28 days (ACI 229R-94:1994;Howard and Hitch, 1998;ACI PRC-229-13:2013;Lee et al, 2013;Do and Kim, 2016;Ling et al, 2018;Kaliyavaradhan et al, 2019). Recent applications of CLSM require that compressive strengths with upper limit of 2.1 N/mm 2 is recommended to allow for future excavation of the put-in-place CLSM using mechanized excavating equipment however, using conventional hand-digging equipment for future excavations, CLSM having compressive strengths of 0.34 -0.70 N/mm 2 are advised (ACI 229R-94:1994;ACI PRC-229-13:2013;Do and Kim, 2016).…”

Section: B Controlled Low-strength Materials (Clsm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CLSM usually have crushing strengths values of 8.3 N/mm 2 or lower at 28 days (ACI 229R-94:1994;Howard and Hitch, 1998;ACI PRC-229-13:2013;Lee et al, 2013;Do and Kim, 2016;Ling et al, 2018;Kaliyavaradhan et al, 2019). Recent applications of CLSM require that compressive strengths with upper limit of 2.1 N/mm 2 is recommended to allow for future excavation of the put-in-place CLSM using mechanized excavating equipment however, using conventional hand-digging equipment for future excavations, CLSM having compressive strengths of 0.34 -0.70 N/mm 2 are advised (ACI 229R-94:1994;ACI PRC-229-13:2013;Do and Kim, 2016). Diverse intrinsic benefits of utilizing CLSM in lieu of compacted fill include savings on equipment and labour cost as a result in its self-levelling properties, speedy construction, and the ease of placing them in constricted spaces (ACI 229R-99:1999;ACI PRC-229-13:2013;Do and Kim, 2016).…”

Section: B Controlled Low-strength Materials (Clsm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent applications of CLSM require that compressive strengths with upper limit of 2.1 N/mm 2 is recommended to allow for future excavation of the put-in-place CLSM using mechanized excavating equipment however, using conventional hand-digging equipment for future excavations, CLSM having compressive strengths of 0.34 -0.70 N/mm 2 are advised (ACI 229R-94:1994;ACI PRC-229-13:2013;Do and Kim, 2016). Diverse intrinsic benefits of utilizing CLSM in lieu of compacted fill include savings on equipment and labour cost as a result in its self-levelling properties, speedy construction, and the ease of placing them in constricted spaces (ACI 229R-99:1999;ACI PRC-229-13:2013;Do and Kim, 2016). Some main applications of CLSM include backfills to pavement bases (subbase and subgrade), structural fills to road bases, trench backfilling, backfill to bridge abutments, backfill to building excavations, slope stabilization, etc.…”

Section: B Controlled Low-strength Materials (Clsm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Deltaic Lateritic Soil in 1:5:11 Mix Design for Producing Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM) for Pavement Backfill

Oke¹

2021

Nig. J. Technol. Dev.

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Deltaic lateritic soil obtained from Emohua in Rivers State, Nigeria was studied to ascertain its suitability as a substitute to sand in concrete for producing controlled low-strength material (CLSM). Cement, coarse aggregate, as well as lateritic soil which replaced sand was combined in ratio 1:5:11 to produce lateritic concrete using varying water-cement (w/c) ratios at varying curing durations. Variation in the w/c ratios ranging from 0.2 to 0.5 at 0.1 intervals and the curing periods which varied between 7, 14 and 28 days were examined. As with the case with conventional concrete, strength development, as well as cement hydration took place after casting over the curing periods. Recent applications using CLSM recommends that a compressive strength of 8.3 N/mm2 or less is required for materials used as conventional compacted backfill soil or structural fillings. In a situation where future excavation is envisioned, it is recommended that the maximum long-term compressive strength of CLSM should generally have an upper limit of 2.1 N/mm2 for compacted backfill material hence, the lateritic concrete produced in this study using the 1:5:11 mix design at 0.2 w/c ratio, cured for 28 days which gave strength of 5.3 N/mm2 can be used as CLSM which primarily, can be utilized as a substitute for compacted backfill to sub-base and/or subgrade of flexible pavements. Where necessary, super plasticizer can be introduced to increase flowability of the lateritic concrete.

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Section: B Controlled Low-strength Materials (Clsm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Controlled Low-strength Materials (Clsm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Controlled Low-strength Materials (Clsm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Deltaic Lateritic Soil in 1:5:11 Mix Design for Producing Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM) for Pavement Backfill

Oke¹

2021

Nig. J. Technol. Dev.

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“…This situation provides increasing incentives to develop alternative and economically viable reuse and recycling options. These alternatives include the use of volcanic mud in building material and construction, such as the use of the mud in mortar and concrete, including controlled low-strength material and ready-mixed soil material [10,11,12,13,14,15]. Other studies have proposed manufacturing LWA from reservoir sediment, expanded clay, and zeolitic tuffs [16,17,18,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volcanic Mud Incorporating Paper Sludge as Raw Materials for Lightweight Aggregates

2019

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This study assessed the use of volcanic mud collected from southern Taiwan and the incorporation of paper sludge for manufacturing lightweight aggregate (LWA). The firing process of the raw materials and related sintering mechanisms, including sintering temperature and time, were investigated. LWA was manufactured at sintering temperatures ranging from 950 to 1275 °C with soaking times from 2 to 15 min, and preheating temperatures ranged between 500 and 700 °C with soaking times from 5 to 15 min. Using volcanic mud and mixed sludge (volcanic mud with added paper sludge) resulted in the successful manufacture of various qualified LWAs with particle density ranging from 973 to 1950 g/cm3, water absorption from 6.2 to 20.0%, and crushing strength from 2.2 to 15.8 MPa.

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“…Meanwhile, huge amounts of by-products are created annually from industries in South Korea; fly ash, phosphogypsum, and red mud are the main wastes which are produced in large quantities. In South Korea, about 4.8 million tons of fly ash and 200,000 tons of red mud are generated annually, and 30 million tons of phosphogypsum have been accumulated ( 6 , 7 ). The disposal of these by-products has been a big challenge for Korea to decrease the negative environmental impacts.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility of Reusing Marine Dredged Clay Stabilized by a Combination of By-Products in Coastal Road Construction

Tran

Kim

Kang

et al. 2019

Transportation Research Record

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Road construction work on poor subgrade in coastal, port, and reclamation sites is a traditional challenge for geotechnical engineers because of the typically very weak clayey soil in these domains. This research investigates the effects of adding a new green binder (Fa-RmLG), in different proportions and initial water contents, on the engineering properties of marine dredged clay (MDC) collected from Yeosu port, South Korea. The new green binder used is a combination of fly ash (Fa), phosphogypsum (G), lime (L), and red mud (Rm). In this study, five binder mixtures using different proportions of Fa, G, L, and Rm were blended into MDC with different water contents varying in a range of 1.2 to 2.0 times the liquid limit (LL) value. Tests of unconfined compressive strength, California bearing ratio, swelling, and shrinkage were performed on the stabilized MDC mixtures. As a result, large increases in the strength and bearing capacity as well as significant reductions of the swelling and shrinkage values of the stabilized MDC mixtures were recorded compared with unstabilized MDC. Scanning electric microscope and X-ray diffraction analyses were performed to observe the formation and presence of gels inside the stabilized MDC mixtures. Regarding environmental impact, the pH of the stabilized MDC mixtures did not increase above the corrosive limit (pH = 12.5) by the measured pH value. These results indicate that the new green binder can be used as an effective stabilizer for the stabilization of MDC in coastal road construction.

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Engineering properties of controlled low strength material (CLSM) incorporating red mud

Cited by 48 publications

References 35 publications

Deltaic Lateritic Soil in 1:5:11 Mix Design for Producing Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM) for Pavement Backfill

Deltaic Lateritic Soil in 1:5:11 Mix Design for Producing Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM) for Pavement Backfill

Volcanic Mud Incorporating Paper Sludge as Raw Materials for Lightweight Aggregates

Feasibility of Reusing Marine Dredged Clay Stabilized by a Combination of By-Products in Coastal Road Construction

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