Engineering process and cost model for a conventional corn wet milling facility

Ramírez, Edna C.; Johnston, David B.; McAloon, Andrew J.; Yee, Winnie; Singh, Vijay

doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2007.08.002

Cited by 83 publications

(77 citation statements)

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“…Wet-milling, on the other hand requires larger energy and resource investments. The inventory used here was calculated from (Kim and Dale 2002;Wang et al 2007a;Ramirez et al 2008).…”

Section: Maize Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Asian Aquaculture Products by Use of Statistically Supported Life Cycle Assessment

Henriksson

Rico

Zhang

et al. 2015

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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We investigated aquaculture production of Asian tiger shrimp, whiteleg shrimp, giant river prawn, tilapia, and pangasius catfish in Bangladesh, China, Thailand, and Vietnam by using life cycle assessments (LCAs), with the purpose of evaluating the comparative eco-efficiency of producing different aquatic food products. Our starting hypothesis was that different production systems are associated with significantly different environmental impacts, as the production of these aquatic species differs in intensity and management practices. In order to test this hypothesis, we estimated each system's global warming, eutrophication, and freshwater ecotoxicity impacts. The contribution to these impacts and the overall dispersions relative to results were propagated by Monte Carlo simulations and dependent sampling. Paired testing showed significant (p < 0.05) differences between the median impacts of most production systems in the intraspecies comparisons, even after a Bonferroni correction. For the full distributions instead of only the median, only for Asian tiger shrimp did more than 95% of the propagated Monte Carlo results favor certain farming systems. The major environmental hot-spots driving the differences in environmental performance among systems were fishmeal from mixed fisheries for global warming, pond runoff and sediment discards for eutrophication, and agricultural pesticides, metals, benzalkonium chloride, and other chlorine-releasing compounds for freshwater ecotoxicity. The Asian aquaculture industry should therefore strive toward farming systems relying upon pelleted species-specific feeds, where the fishmeal inclusion is limited and sourced sustainably. Also, excessive nutrients should be recycled in integrated organic agriculture together with efficient aeration solutions powered by renewable energy sources.

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“…Wet-milling, on the other hand requires larger energy and resource investments. The inventory used here was calculated from (Kim and Dale 2002;Wang et al 2007a;Ramirez et al 2008).…”

Section: Maize Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Asian Aquaculture Products by Use of Statistically Supported Life Cycle Assessment

Henriksson

Rico

Zhang

et al. 2015

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…The separated fi bre is then dewatered using either a screening centrifuge, screw press or both in series. The fi nal product is known as 'gluten feed' and has a protein content of approximately 20 % on a dry weight basis (Ramirez et al, 2008). This name, gluten feed, is inappropriate as corn doesn't actually contain gluten but rather is rich in zein.…”

Section: Maize Wet Millingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The protein (inaccurately referred to as gluten) is sold, usually for animal feed, as maize gluten meal. The fi nal maize gluten meal generally has a protein content of approximately 60 % on a dry weight basis and contains xanthophylls that give it a yellow colour (Ramirez et al, 2008).…”

Section: Maize Wet Millingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maizes

Arendt¹,

Zannini²

2013

Cereal Grains for the Food and Beverage Industries

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Maize (Zea mays), also known as corn, is one of the world's leading cereal grains along with rice and wheat. In 2010, the world production was about 844.4 million tonnes of grain with the USA, China, Brazil and Mexico being the world's leading suppliers. Polysaccharides, proteins and lipids represent the three major constituents of the maize kernel. A typical maize kernel is composed of 70-75 % starch, 8-10 % protein, 4-5 % lipid, 1-3 % sugar and 1-4 % ash. It also contains high levels of phytosterols which have been shown to reduce circulatory cholesterol concentrations. The acceptance of maize as a crop is mainly due to its various functionalities as a food and feed source. Kernels can be used for the production of fl our, bread (tortillas, arepa), snacks, porridge, gruel, steamed products, alcoholic (beer) and non-alcoholic beverages, and breakfast cereals (corn fl akes). Investigational studies to increase our understanding of how future changes in the climate will affect maize yields are currently underway. This will aid in determination of the roles maize could potentially play in terms of food security.

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“…Generally, there are two techniques for producing fuel ethanol using corn grain. They are: (1) the wet milling process and (2) the dry-grind (dry milling) process [2,14,20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cleaned corn is then steeped to soften the corn kernel to assist in pure starch recovery. Following the steeping process, the wet milling corn process utilizes fermentation to obtain corn oil, germ meal, gluten meal, gluten feed, DDG and ethanol [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquefaction of dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS) followed by hydroprocessing to produce liquid hydrocarbons

Tanneru

Steele

2015

Fuel

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h i g h l i g h t sConversion of DDGS to value-added liquid hydrocarbons was performed successfully. Hydroprocessing of HTL product was more successful compared to the pyrolysis oil. The HHV of hydrocarbons produced increased by 127.2% as compared to DDGS. a b s t r a c t Dried distiller's grains with solubles (DDGS) is a byproduct of corn ethanol production in distillery industries. Presently the main use of DDGS is as livestock feed due to its high protein content. The demands for production of transportation fuel ethanol are increasing due to the increased Renewable Fuels Standard 2 (RFS2) mandate for higher ethanol production. Simultaneously DDGS supply as a co-product is also necessarily markedly increasing. There is a potential for DDGS supply to outgrow the demand for livestock feed or the increased supply has the potential to drive prices down. Therefore, it is highly desirable to find alternative uses of DDGS as a renewable source in the production of fuels or value-added chemicals.The objective of this study was to produce transportation fuel range hydrocarbons from DDGS feedstock. In this study, DDGS was liquefied followed by hydroprocessing of the liquefied DDGS product to produce a hydrocarbon mixture. In the first step, liquefaction of DDGS was performed in a liquid media in the presence of a base catalyst at a temperature in the range of 400°C. In the second step, the liquefied DDGS product was hydroprocessed in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst at a temperature of 425°C under pressurized hydrogen at 1500 psig. The physical and chemical properties of the liquefied DDGS product and the hydrocarbon mixture were measured by using American Society of Testing Methods. The hydrocarbons produced were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy, detailed hydrocarbon analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, simulated distillation analysis and elemental analysis.

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Engineering process and cost model for a conventional corn wet milling facility

Cited by 83 publications

References 1 publication

Comparison of Asian Aquaculture Products by Use of Statistically Supported Life Cycle Assessment

Comparison of Asian Aquaculture Products by Use of Statistically Supported Life Cycle Assessment

Maizes

Liquefaction of dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS) followed by hydroprocessing to produce liquid hydrocarbons

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