Engineering of Transition Metal Sulfide Nanostructures as Efficient Electrodes for High-Performance Supercapacitors

Abstract

Supercapacitors (SCs) are highly promising electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices. SCs display an outstanding power performance, excellent reversibility, long-term stability, simple operation, and high feasibility for integration into electronic devices, including consumer electronics, memory backup systems, and industrial power and energy management systems. The electrode materials determine the cell capacitance, operating voltage, power density, energy density, and time constant of SCs. Transition metal-based electrode materials (TMEMs) are among the most promising electrodes for SCs, due to their outstanding energy density, specific capacitance, and quick charging/discharging rates, in addition to their ease of preparation in a high yield from low-cost and earth-abundant resources. Binary transition metal sulfides (BTMSs) possess various advantages relative to other TMEMs, including higher storage capacity, higher electrical conductivity, excellent redox properties, better specific capacitance, quicker electron/ion diffusion, and superior reversibility with long cycle life. Herein, the inventory and the recent progress in the rational design of BTMS electrodes for SCs are deliberated, spaning from the preparation methods to the operative conditions, performance, and mechanism. To help assist in the further development of BTMS electrodes for efficient and durable SCs, current underlying challenges and possible solutions are identified and addressed, with emphasis on device performance vs BTMS type and relative merits.

Three‐dimensional nanoporous activated carbon electrode derived from acacia wood for high‐performance supercapacitor

“…The electrochemical properties of the SSC device were discovered using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) ( Rehman et al, 2022 ). Figure 7C shows that the charge transfer resistance (Rct = 12.98), which was used to make the electron double-layer capacitor (C dl ), is typified by a modest resistance (Rs = 2.95), semicircle line in the high-frequency zone.…”

Morphological evolution of carnation flower-like Cu2CoSnS4 battery-type electrodes

“…Though, RuO2 is considered crucial for practical applications because of lofty reversibility, high value specific capacitance and very long cycle life, superior pseudocapacitive performances, but there are limitations in supercapacitor applications due to their low availability and high cost [26].…”

“…Although RuO 2 is considered crucial for practical applications because of its high reversibility, high specific capacitance, very long cycle life, and superior pseudocapacitive performances, it faces limitations in supercapacitor applications due to its low availability and high cost. 26 In this report, we have developed Cu 2 CoSnS 4 by varying both thermodynamic and kinetic factors to form a 3D hierarchical carnation flower-like morphology that can show exceptional performance similar to that of the sophisticated RuO 2 material and improve its energy storage ability through its petal-like arrangements. In addition to the ease of preparation, control of the synthetic route has been proposed to synthesize the quaternary Cu 2 CoSnS 4 compound through a solvothermal method, which offers good reproducibility, good performance and the ability to store more charges at lower costs for energy storage applications.…”

Carboxylated graphene oxide nanosheets as efficient electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors

“…Supercapacitors have a long history in the field of energy storage ( Conway and Pell, 2003 ; Rehman et al, 2022 ). Since Becker’s 1957 patent on a carbon electrode supercapacitor with an energy density comparable to batteries and a specific capacitance 3–4 orders of magnitude larger than conventional capacitors ( Lu et al, 2014 ), great deals of efforts have been committed to the exploration and exploitation of carbonaceous resources ( Wang et al, 2017 ; Ren et al, 2022 ).…”

“…Lu et al, 2021;Rasal et al, 2021). Additionally, they are affordable, widely accessible, and environmentally beneficial (Abdu et al, 2020a;Abdu et al, 2020b;Eid et al, 2022). Today, over 80% of supercapacitor products commercially available in the market are made of carbon-based nanostructural materials (Hao et al, 2013;Béguin et al, 2014).…”