“…Transition metal oxide-based catalysts are known as the most active due to their intrinsic electronic structures and binding strength of oxygenated intermediates. 7,8 In particularl, well-defined NiFe hydroxides treated with several different strategies, such as optimizing the Ni/Fe ratio, 9 introducing a third dopant, 10–14 or manufacturing defects, 15 are explored to be the most efficient OER catalysts. However, such transition metal oxide catalysts still have a turnover frequency (TOF) far lower than that of the oxygen-evolving manganese complexes in photosystem II in nature.…”