Engineering of Polyanion Type Cathode Materials for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Toward Higher Energy/Power Density

Abstract

The development of high energy/power density sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) is still challenged by the high redox potential of Na/Na + and large radius of Na + ions, thus requiring extensive further improvement to, in particular, enhance the capacity and voltage of cathode materials. Among the various types of cathodes, the polyanion cathodes have emerged as the most pragmatic option due to their outstanding thermostability, unique inductive effect, and flexible structures. In this Review, a critical overview of the design principles and engineering strategies of polyanion cathodes that could have a pivotal role in developing high energy/power density SIBs are presented. Specifically, the engineering of polyanion cathode materials for higher voltage and specific capacity to increase energy density is discussed. The way in which morphology control, architectural design, and electrode processing have been developed to increase power density for SIBs is also analyzed. Finally, the remaining challenges and the future research direction of this field are presented.

Toward Rapid‐Charging Sodium‐Ion Batteries using Hybrid‐Phase Molybdenum Sulfide Selenide‐Based Anodes

“…After a decade of investigation, the electrochemical performance of SIB cathode materials is now close to the theoretical value. [ 1 ] However, the low energy density and power density of SIB anodes currently limit the practical application of SIBs in electronics. [ 2,3 ] Metal sulfides/selenides/phosphides and intermetallic compounds have been developed to improve the performance of SIB anodes.…”

Self‐Regulating Organic Polymer Coupled with Enlarged Inorganic SnS2 Interlamellar Composite for Potassium Ion Batteries

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] In comparing with SIBs, the larger operating voltage, the higher ionic conductive potassium electrolytes as well as the reversible K + plating/striping in carbon electrode entrust KIBs a promising alternative candidate to LIBs. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Additionally, the prominent rate behavior can be easily achieved due to the better K + transport capability based on the weaker Lewis acidity of K + in comparison with Li + and Na + . However, exploring the suitable composites to effectively accommodate the K ions with a larger radius of 1.38 Å still remains challenging, in which the high reversible capacities, the excellent cyclic performances with strong tolerance, and the fast kinetics behaviors are urgently demanded.…”

Phase Engineering of Nanomaterials for Clean Energy and Catalytic Applications

“…Take NaFePO 4 as a typical example, the thermodynamically stable maricite phase of NaFePO 4 is nearly electrochemically inactive for SIBs because the maricite phase does not possess the Na + diffusion pathway. [39,40] However, after the maricite NaFePO 4 NPs were first charged to 4.5 V (vs Na/Na + ) and kept for 5 h to extract all Na + ions, the overextraction of Na + ions induced a structural distortion of FePO 4 , leading to the phase transformation from maricite to amorphous. Even after the Na + ions were reinserted into FePO 4 , the amorphous phase remained.…”