Engineering of 3D warp interlock p-aramid fabric structure and its energy absorption capabilities against ballistic impact for body armour applications

Enhancing the Ballistic Performances of 3D Warp Interlock Fabric Through Internal Structure as New Material for Seamless Female Soft Body Armor Development

“…Considering 2D plain weave fabrics, sample 2D-35, except penetration at shot 6, it exhibited a 94.89%, 96.52%, 97.3%, 96.62%, 98.09% energy absorption capability for shot 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. Unlike our previous studies [37], samples made of 2D plain weave fabric shows higher energy absorbing capabilities on the molded area of the panel (shot 5) than samples made with 3D warp interlock fabrics. This might be due to quick molding recovering of the panels at molded bust areas before ballistic testing.…”

“…In general, molding behavior is one of the most important material behaviors to develop the three-dimensional components of seamless female soft body armor [34]. Several researches have also investigated the molding characteristics of 3D warp interlock fabrics and its capability of shaping deep dome designs without cutting due to its specific characteristics including extraordinary molding properties [35][36][37]. One of our researches has also investigated the molding behaviors and its recoveries of 3D warp interlock fabrics and compared with 2D plain weave fabrics for female seamless soft body armor development [31].…”

“…Based on the result, the energy absorption capabilities of 3D warp interlock and 2D fabric panels with a higher number of layers did not reveal a significant difference. However, the 2D fabric panel absorbed more energy than 3D warp interlock fabrics for a reduced and similar number of layers due to its rigid and stiffness property [37,43]. Therefore, very well understanding and improving the ballistic impact performances of the 3D warp interlock fabric before applying to female soft body armor development is very important.…”

Fabrication and Mechanical Characterization of Dry Three-Dimensional Warp Interlock Para-Aramid Woven Fabrics: Experimental Methods toward Applications in Composite Reinforcement and Soft Body Armor

“…Previously, two-dimensional (2D) woven (in the form of plain, twill, and satin) and unidirectional (UD) fabric structures were mainly used and discussed regarding their mechanical performance under different loading conditions [ 1 , 2 ]. Apart from 2D and UD fabrics, three-dimensional (3D) woven fabric have also become promising for use in composite materials, such as fibrous reinforcement and protective solutions, as well as other technical applications [ 3 , 4 ]. Its involvement in the above application is mainly because it has an improved capacity to absorb energy by higher intra-ply resistance to delamination, saves on cost, and has high production rates [ 5 , 6 , 7 ].…”

Interplay of fabric structure and shear thickening fluid impregnation in moderating the impact response of high-performance woven fabrics

“…Over the years, researchers have explored diverse means to improvise the existing body armour technologies. Some of their significant efforts, in this direction, involve supplanting p-aramid (Kevlar V R or Technora V R ) fibres with ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibres, 1,2 digging into different structures like unidirectional (UD) laminates [3][4][5] and three-dimensional (3 D) fabrics [6][7][8] other than conventional two-dimensional (2 D) woven fabrics, carrying out surface treatments like shear thickening fluid (STF) impregnation, [9][10][11][12][13] plasma assisted deposition of vapours or nanoparticles, 14,15 nanostructure grafting, [16][17][18] rubber coating, 19,20 etc.…”