Engineering novel infrared glass ceramics for advanced optical solutions

Richardson, Kathleen; Buff, Andrew; Smith, Charmayne; Sisken, Laura; Musgraves, J. David; Wachtel, Peter; Mayer, Theresa S.; Swisher, Andrew; Pogrebnyakov, Alexej; Kang, Myungkoo; Pantano, Carlo G.; Werner, Douglas H.; Kirk, Andrew G.; Aiken, Stephen R.; Rivero‐Baleine, Clara

doi:10.1117/12.2224239

Cited by 15 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The size of the secondary Pb‐rich and Pb‐deficient amorphous phases typically range from ≈100 to ≈250 nm; as the reduced glass stability of the Pb‐rich phase undergoes thermodynamic transformation to nuclei first (due to a lower activation energy barrier), the size of the resulting crystalline phase(s) created upon subsequent growth can remain sub‐wavelength with precise selection of growth time and temperature, thereby maintaining low loss and broadband transparency across the IR spectral region. [ 28,33–35,37,42–44 ]…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 1,12,14–16,33,37–39 ] Recent activities have demonstrated how their crystallization behavior can be tailored through composition, morphology, and microstructural modification. [ 28,33–38,40–44 ] Recently, composites based upon Ge‐As‐Pb‐Se chalcogenide glasses have been shown to yield high refractive index Pb‐containing nanocrystalline phases in an amorphous matrix which can remain stable at elevated temperatures or under photo/electronically excited states. [ 28,33–37,40–44 ] In the present approach, we exploit this simple yet effective process to transform multicomponent GeSe 2 ‐As 2 Se 3 ‐PbSe (GAP‐Se) bulk glasses from an amorphous structure into an optical nanocomposite where the volume fraction of high refractive index Pb‐rich nanocrystals is spatially varied in a low refractive index amorphous matrix, thereby realizing a GRIN structure with smoothly varying index and dispersion properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 28,33–38,40–44 ] Recently, composites based upon Ge‐As‐Pb‐Se chalcogenide glasses have been shown to yield high refractive index Pb‐containing nanocrystalline phases in an amorphous matrix which can remain stable at elevated temperatures or under photo/electronically excited states. [ 28,33–37,40–44 ] In the present approach, we exploit this simple yet effective process to transform multicomponent GeSe 2 ‐As 2 Se 3 ‐PbSe (GAP‐Se) bulk glasses from an amorphous structure into an optical nanocomposite where the volume fraction of high refractive index Pb‐rich nanocrystals is spatially varied in a low refractive index amorphous matrix, thereby realizing a GRIN structure with smoothly varying index and dispersion properties. Specifically, we explore the mechanism whereby thermal processing of GAP‐Se glasses influences the nanocomposite's resulting microstructural and compositional evolution defining their post‐processed transmissive and optical properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Monolithic Chalcogenide Optical Nanocomposites Enable Infrared System Innovation: Gradient Refractive Index Optics

Kang

Sisken

Lonergan

et al. 2020

Advanced Optical Materials

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The size and weight of conventional imaging systems is defined by costly non‐planar lenses and the complex lens assemblies required to minimize optical aberrations. The ability to engineer gradient refractive index (GRIN) optics has the potential to overcome constraints of traditional homogeneous lenses by reducing the number of components in optical systems. Here, an innovative strategy to realize this goal based on monolithic GRIN media created in Ge‐As‐Se‐Pb chalcogenide infrared nanocomposites is presented. A gradient heat treatment to spatially modulate the volume fraction of high refractive index Pb‐rich nanocrystals within a glass matrix is utilized, providing a GRIN profile while maintaining an optical transparency. A first‐ever correlation of material chemistry and microstructure, processing protocol, and optical property modification resulting in a prototype GRIN structure is presented. The integrated approach and mechanistic understanding illustrated by this versatile modification paradigm provides a platform for new optical functionalities in next‐generation imaging applications.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Monolithic Chalcogenide Optical Nanocomposites Enable Infrared System Innovation: Gradient Refractive Index Optics

Kang

Sisken

Lonergan

et al. 2020

Advanced Optical Materials

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“…Due to the nonhomogeneous nature of the parent glasses at high PbSe levels, a further description of the starting glass morphology examined here is warranted, as this morphology will define the postheat‐treated GCs microstructure and as will be shown, the evolution of novel optical properties. As previously reported and noted above, the base glass morphology across the (GeSe 2 –3As 2 Se 3 ) 1− x PbSe x series exhibits liquid–liquid phase separation, and glasses within the midrange of compositions ( x ≈ 10–40 mol% PbSe) are dominated by metastable phase separation (droplet/matrix morphology) with a narrow range of unstable (spinodal decomposition) morphology . This behavior will ultimately influence the probability of successful conversion from glass to a low‐optical‐loss GC, and the magnitude of postheat‐treated physical property change.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infrared Glass–Ceramics with Multidispersion and Gradient Refractive Index Attributes

Sisken

Kang

Veras

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

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Infrared (IR) glass-ceramics (GCs) hold the potential to dramatically expand the range of optical material solutions available for use in bulk and planar optical systems in the IR. Current material solutions are limited to single-or polycrystalline materials and traditional IR-transparent optical glasses. GCs that can be processed with spatial control and extent of induced crystallization present the opportunity to realize an effective refractive index variation, enabling arbitrary gradient refractive index elements with tailored optical function. This work discusses the role of the parent glass composition and morphology on nanocrystal phase formation in a multicomponent chalcogenide glass. Through a two-step heat treatment protocol, a Ge-As-Pb-Se glass is converted to an optical nanocomposite where the type, volume fraction, and refractive index of the precipitated crystalline phase(s) define the resulting nanocomposite's optical properties. This modification results in a giant variation in infrared Abbe number, the magnitude of which can be tuned with control of crystal phase formation. The impact of these attributes on the GCs' refractive index, transmission, dispersion, and thermo-optic coefficient is discussed. A systematic protocol for engineering homogeneous or gradient changes in optical function is presented and validated through experimental demonstration employing this understanding.

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“…Gradient refractive index (GRIN) optics present unique opportunities for control of the chromatic properties of an optical system . Novel GRIN materials can be engineered to provide dispersive properties which lie far outside those found in nature, providing new degrees of freedom for optical design as well as the potential for use in new applications . In this paper, a novel photothermal process is utilized to spatially modulate high‐index nanocrystals within a metastable chalcogenide glass thin film, composed of Ge‐As‐Pb‐Se (GAP‐Se) constituents, thereby achieving ultralow dispersion over an unprecedented bandwidth of 1–12 µm wavelength and enabling creation of an arbitrary index gradient required for GRIN optics.…”

Section: The Calculation Of Vhomo and Vgrin For Gap‐se Glasses Based mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultralow Dispersion Multicomponent Thin‐Film Chalcogenide Glass for Broadband Gradient‐Index Optics

et al. 2018

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A novel photothermal process to spatially modulate the concentration of sub-wavelength, high-index nanocrystals in a multicomponent Ge-As-Pb-Se chalcogenide glass thin film resulting in an optically functional infrared grating is demonstrated. The process results in the formation of an optical nanocomposite possessing ultralow dispersion over unprecedented bandwidth. The spatially tailored index and dispersion modification enables creation of arbitrary refractive index gradients. Sub-bandgap laser exposure generates a Pb-rich amorphous phase transforming on heat treatment to high-index crystal phases. Spatially varying nanocrystal density is controlled by laser dose and is correlated to index change, yielding local index modification to ≈+0.1 in the mid-infrared.

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Engineering novel infrared glass ceramics for advanced optical solutions

Cited by 15 publications

References 8 publications

Monolithic Chalcogenide Optical Nanocomposites Enable Infrared System Innovation: Gradient Refractive Index Optics

Monolithic Chalcogenide Optical Nanocomposites Enable Infrared System Innovation: Gradient Refractive Index Optics

Infrared Glass–Ceramics with Multidispersion and Gradient Refractive Index Attributes

Ultralow Dispersion Multicomponent Thin‐Film Chalcogenide Glass for Broadband Gradient‐Index Optics

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