Engineering naphthalimide-cyanine integrated near-infrared dye into ROS-responsive nanohybrids for tumor PDT/PTT/chemotherapy

Three Birds with One Stone: Acceptor Engineering of Hemicyanine Dye with NIR‐II Emission for Synergistic Photodynamic and Photothermal Anticancer Therapy

“…One of the adopted strategies to realize both efficient 1 O 2 generation and NIR absorption/emission is to introduce strong donor (D) and acceptor (A) moieties in one single molecular to construct a conjugated DA structure, [19,20,35,36] which can reduce the energy levels of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) distributions, further decreasing the energy gap between the lowest excited singlet state (S 1 ) and triplet state of T 1 (∆E S-T ). Hemicyanine dyes, featuring with a typical DπA structure, are widely used in the NIR fluorescence bioimaging and disease diagnosis because of the high extinction coefficient, large Stokes' shift, excellent biocompatibility, and facile modification and synthesis.…”

“…[1,2] However, the main absorption spectra of these photosensitizers are still located in the visible region <700 nm, which largely attenuates the therapeutic effect in deep tissues because of the intense light absorption and scattering within biological tissues. [24] Near-infrared (NIR) light in the biological transparency window of 700-1000 nm displays deeper body penetration and minimal tissue absorption, [25][26][27][28][29] and thus much attention has been recently focused on developing NIR photosensitizers for deep PDT treatment, including boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) molecules, [30][31][32] cyanine derivatives, [15,16,[33][34][35][36] metal-organic complexes, [37,38] and aggregationinduced emission (AIE) compounds. [39][40][41] Nevertheless, these BODIPY and metal-organic complexes usually contain heavy atoms such as I, Br, Ru, and Ir to boost singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) generation, [31,32,37,38] resulting in obvious dark toxicity, low fluorescence, and tedious synthesis.…”

Bright Asymmetric Shielding Strategy-Based NIR-II Probes for Angiography and Localized Photothermal Therapy

“…The majority of NIR-II fluorophores reported in the past decade were inorganic materials, which despite their longer fluorescence emission wavelengths and high QYs are potentially associated with long-term toxicity. − Hence, there is an urgent need for developing biocompatible organic NIR-II fluorophores. To date, reported organic NIR-II probes based on their chemistry engineering strategies can be sorted into two main types: (1) NIR-II probes with structures similar to that of cyanine dyes; − (2) donor–acceptor–donor (D-A-D) fluorophores based on BBTD. − Unfortunately, organic NIR-II fluorophores suffer from low QYs caused by fluorescence quenching due to the bulkiness of their molecular structure and intermolecular interactions. Thus, engineering bright organic NIR-II dyes with stable photophysical and chemical properties is a strenuous challenge.…”

A near-infrared and lysosome-targeted BODIPY photosensitizer for photodynamic and photothermal synergistic therapy

“…In recent years, phototherapy, involving photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), has been acknowledged as one of the most representative therapeutic strategies due to its noninvasiveness, low toxicity, low side effects, and high targeting selectivity. [6][7][8][9][10][11] PDT is based on photosensitizers (PSs) to transfer the absorbed energy to the surrounding oxygen and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are capable of exert-ing a plethora of actions such as direct killing of cancer cells, damaging vascular structures and inducing immune responses. [12][13][14][15][16][17] The therapeutic efficacy of PDT depends on the concentration of molecular oxygen in tumor tissues.…”