“…LiBs remain subject to much academic and industrial research at a fundamental chemistry level directed towards the development of new materials at a laboratory scale (Brandon et al, 2016;Cluzel and Douglas, 2012;Crabtree et al, 2015), new processing techniques (Green et al, 2003;Li and Wang, 2013), and better understanding of behaviour and degradation (Grolleau et al, 2014;Hunt et al, 2016;Idaho National Laboratory, 2015;Wang et al, 2011). Intergovernmental programmes (Breakthrough Energy Coalition, 2015) and previous elicitation studies (Anadon et al, 2016;AnadĂłn et al, 2012;Baker et al, 2015Baker et al, , 2010Bosetti et al, 2012;Catenacci et al, 2013;Fiorese et al, 2014;Nemet and Baker, 2009) appear to imply that increased research and development (R&D) funding is the most effective way to reduce cost and improve performance of low-carbon energy technology to accelerate changes to our energy system to meet climate goals such as those in the Paris Agreement (Fawcett et al, 2015;Gambhir et al, 2015;United Nations Framework on Climate Change, 2015).…”