Engineering Morphology and Electron Redistribution of a Ni/WO₃ Mott–Schottky Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Efficient Alkaline Urea Splitting

Abstract

Construction of the desired morphology and nanointerface to expose the active sites and modulate the electronic structure offers an effective approach to boosting urea splitting for energy-saving hydrogen generation. Herein, we fabricate a Ni/WO 3 Mott−Schottky heterojunction electrocatalyst with a hedgehog-like structure supported on Ni foam toward alkaline urea splitting. Different Ni/WO 3 morphologies, such as microspheres, hedgehog-like structures, octahedrons, and cubes, were obtained when various ratios of Ni/W feeds were used. The Mott−Schottky nanointerfaces between Ni and WO 3 domains are visually confirmed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy images, which also accelerated the charge transfer rate. Benefiting from the high electrochemically active surface area and enhanced charge transferability, the optimal Ni/WO 3 electrode exhibits outstanding catalytic activity toward hydrogen generation with a low overpotential of 163 mV at 100 mA cm −2 in alkaline solution and reduced cell voltage of 1.67 V when coupled with urea oxidation reaction. Theoretical calculations reveal that the Ni sites in Ni/WO 3 optimize the H adsorption energy (ΔG H* ) with the |ΔG H* | value of 0.097 eV, much lower than that of Ni (0.35 eV) and WO 3 (0.235 eV). This work demonstrates important guidance in designing an efficient electrocatalyst for urea splitting.