“…8,9 Recently, transition metal-containing composite materials have attracted intense attention as viable alternatives to precious metal-based catalysts, primarily due to their low cost and high abundance. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Specifically, cobalt-based materials have garnered substantial attention as substitutes for precious metal-based catalysts owing to their inherent high activity. [17][18][19] It is anticipated that the various oxidation states and finely adjustable electronic structures of cobalt-based materials, such as Co 3 O 4 , CoS 2 , and similar compounds, exert influence on charge transfer and mass transport during electrochemical processes.…”