Engineering living and regenerative fungal–bacterial biocomposite structures

McBee, Ross M.; Lucht, Matt; Mukhitov, Nikita; Richardson, Miles; Srinivasan, Tarun; Meng, Dechuan; Chen, Haorong; Kaufman, Andrew; Reitman, M; Munck, Christian; Schaak, Damen D.; Voigt, Christopher A.; Wang, Harris H.

doi:10.1038/s41563-021-01123-y

Cited by 69 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…For instance, dried material of Ganoderma sp. could regrow a year after it had been dried at ambient temperature [ 15 ]. In contrast, a temperature of ≥ 60 °C will normally kill the fungus.…”

Section: Fungal Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk assessment of fungal materials

Brandhof

Wösten

2022

Fungal Biol Biotechnol

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Sustainable fungal materials have a high potential to replace non-sustainable materials such as those used for packaging or as an alternative for leather and textile. The properties of fungal materials depend on the type of fungus and substrate, the growth conditions and post-treatment of the material. So far, fungal materials are mainly made with species from the phylum Basidiomycota, selected for the mechanical and physical properties they provide. However, for mycelium materials to be implemented in society on a large scale, selection of fungal species should also be based on a risk assessment of the potential to be pathogenic, form mycotoxins, attract insects, or become an invasive species. Moreover, production processes should be standardized to ensure reproducibility and safety of the product.

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Section: Fungal Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, a living composite made with Ganoderma resinaceum responds to pressure by changing its electrical activity [ 17 ]. Moreover, mycelium can be maintained active to enable production of large size mycelium composites, for instance to make mycelium connections between mycelium panels [ 15 , 18 , 19 ].…”

Section: Fungal Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk assessment of fungal materials

Brandhof

Wösten

2022

Fungal Biol Biotechnol

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“…Engineered living materials (ELMs) are composites where living cells are combined with synthetic materials. − The resulting living materials derive functionalities from biological activities while keeping material properties for engineering applications. − One class of ELMs focuses on functionalities directly from the biochemical activities of the living cells, including fungal-based self-cleaning living surfaces that metabolize food spills, 3D-printed bacterial structures as living electrodes, yeast–laden living hydrogels for continuous biofermentation, and encapsulated bacteria as wearable sensors . Another approach in ELMs is to utilize the biochemical activities of living cells to control the mechanical properties of the living materials or produce functional materials. − For example, dried yeast themselves can serve as building blocks of stiff materials, and mycelia can adhere sawdust into solid objects. − Bacteria-assisted mineralization can help self-heal concrete or improve the toughness of 3D-printed polymer scaffolds . Engineered microbial biofilms can be directly used for the fabrication of biodegradable bioplastics .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digitally Programmable Manufacturing of Living Materials Grown from Biowaste

Wang

Rivera‐Tarazona

Abdelrahman

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Material manufacturing strategies that use little energy, valorize waste, and result in degradable products are urgently needed. Strategies that transform abundant biomass into functional materials form one approach to these emerging manufacturing techniques. From a biological standpoint, morphogenesis of biological tissues is a “manufacturing” mode without energy-intensive processes, large carbon footprints, and toxic wastes. Inspired by biological morphogenesis, we propose a manufacturing strategy by embedding living Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker’s yeast) within a synthetic acrylic hydrogel matrix. By culturing the living materials in media derived from bread waste, encapsulated yeast cells can proliferate, resulting in a dramatic dry mass and volume increase of the whole living material. After growth, the final material is up to 96 wt % biomass and 590% larger in volume than the initial object. By digitally programming the cell viability through UV irradiation or photodynamic inactivation, the living materials can form complex user-defined relief surfaces or 3D objects during growth. Ultimately, the grown structures can also be designed to be degradable. The proposed living material manufacturing strategy cultured from biowaste may pave the way for future ecologically friendly manufacturing of materials.

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“…Modulating such a biohybridization process provides extensive opportunities in creating materials with integrated bio–bio and bio–abio functions that do not exist in separated systems. − Utilizing this unique property, various living materials have been developed, which have demonstrated unprecedented capacities in many applications including sensing, actuation, and material synthesis . Incorporation of emerging tools such as genetic editing ,− and bioprinting − offers the possibility of precise modulation of the structures and functionalities, which further extend the potential implementation of living components beyond existing territories to revolutionize how we design and synthesize functional materials. ,, …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6 Incorporation of emerging tools such as genetic editing 1,7−9 and bioprinting 10−12 offers the possibility of precise modulation of the structures and functionalities, which further extend the potential implementation of living components beyond existing territories to revolutionize how we design and synthesize functional materials. 2,13,14 Among all organisms that have been exploited in the synthesis of biohybrid living materials, exoelectrogens such as Shewanella loihica PV-4 (PV-4) and Geobacter sulfurreducens DL-1 are known for their unique capability to electrically interact with extracellular electron acceptors and in situ-deposit inorganic nanomaterials such as Ag, Au, Pd, and FeSx nanoparticles on their outer membranes. 15−17 In addition to structural consolidation, these nanomaterials were also intrinsically wired with the bacteria's metabolic electron transfer pathway.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Assembled Biohybrid: A Living Material To Bridge the Functions between Electronics and Multilevel Biological Modules/Systems

Zhang

You

Deng

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Exoelectrogens are known to be specialized in reducing various extracellular electron acceptors to form conductive nanomaterials that are integrated with their cell bodies both structurally and functionally. Utilizing this unique capacity, we created a strategy toward the design and fabrication of a biohybrid electronic material by exploiting bioreduced graphene oxide (B-rGO) as the structural and functional linker to facilitate the interaction between the exoelectrogen community and external electronics. The metabolic functions of exoelectrogens encoded in this living hybrid can therefore be effectively translated toward corresponding microbial fuel cell applications. Furthermore, this material can serve as a fundamental building block to be integrated with other microorganisms for constructing various electronic components. Toward a broad impact of this biohybridization strategy, photosynthetic organelles and cells were explored to replace exoelectrogens as the active bioreducing components and as formed materials exhibited 4- and 8-fold improvements in photocurrent intensities as compared with native bioelectrode interfaces. Overall, a biologically driven strategy for the fabrication and assembly of electronic materials is demonstrated, which provides a unique opportunity to precisely probe and modulate desired biofunctions through deterministic electronic inputs/outputs and revolutionize the design and manufacturing of next-generation (bio)electronics.

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Engineering living and regenerative fungal–bacterial biocomposite structures

Cited by 69 publications

References 51 publications

Risk assessment of fungal materials

Risk assessment of fungal materials

Digitally Programmable Manufacturing of Living Materials Grown from Biowaste

Self-Assembled Biohybrid: A Living Material To Bridge the Functions between Electronics and Multilevel Biological Modules/Systems

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