“…In recent years, water pollution and water shortage have arisen from population growth, socioeconomic development, and changes in consumption patterns that have attracted global attention. As an emerging technology in the 21st century, the application of membrane separation technology in water treatment is gradually increasing, including dye adsorption, − heavy metal ion adsorption, , oil–water separation, − seawater desalination, − and other fields. Polymer-based membranes are cheap, lightweight, soft, and corrosion-resistant compared to inorganic films .…”