Engineering Glucosinolates in Plants: Current Knowledge and Potential Uses

Venkidasamy, Baskar; Gururani, Mayank Anand; Yu, Jae‐Woong; Park, Se Won

doi:10.1007/s12010-012-9890-6

Cited by 46 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 216 publications

(220 reference statements)

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“…In addition to the huge carbon sink represented by lignin (reviewed in Eudes et al, 2014), the phenylpropanoid pathway also produces important small molecules such as flavonoids. By contrast, the glucosinolate pathway is small potatoes-or rather, small Brussels sprouts, as these sulfur-and nitrogen-containing compounds generally occur in Brassica species, including Arabidopsis thaliana (reviewed in Baskar et al, 2012). Glucosinolates participate in plant defenses against herbivores and occur in broadly varying types; for example, Arabidopsis Col-0 produces ;30 different glucosinolates.…”

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confidence: 99%

Metabolic Crosstalk: Interactions between the Phenylpropanoid and Glucosinolate Pathways in Arabidopsis

Mach

2015

Plant Cell

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The phenylpropanoid pathway is big in plants-particularly in trees, which can get big in no small part because of the lignin produced through this pathway. In addition to the huge carbon sink represented by lignin (reviewed in Eudes et al., 2014), the phenylpropanoid pathway also produces important small molecules such as flavonoids. By contrast, the glucosinolate pathway is small potatoes-or rather, small Brussels sprouts, as these sulfur-and nitrogen-containing compounds generally occur in Brassica species, including Arabidopsis thaliana (reviewed in Baskar et al., 2012). Glucosinolates participate in plant defenses against herbivores and occur in broadly varying types; for example, Arabidopsis Col-0 produces ;30 different glucosinolates. Different glucosinolates form from different precursor amino acids, including Trp (indole glucosinolates), Ala, Ile, Leu, Met, or Val (aliphatic glucosinolates), and Phe or Tyr (aromatic glucosinolates).To examine secondary metabolism, Kim et al. (2015) characterize the reduced epidermal fluorescence5 (ref5) mutant, which has reduced levels of phenylpropanoids, resulting in decreased fluorescence under UV light (see figure). Positional cloning showed that REF5 encodes the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase CYP83B1, an enzyme involved in biosynthesis of indole glucosinolates. Indeed, although ref5 was originally identified by its reduced levels of the phenylpropanoid compound sinapoylmalate, the ref5 mutant also has reduced levels of indole glucosinolates. Moreover, accumulation of the glucosinolate precursor indole-3-acetaldoxime (IAOx) results in increased production of indole-3-acetic acid, causing high-auxin phenotypes, such as longer hypocotyls, in the ref5 mutants.In addition to high-auxin phenotypes, IAOx accumulation changes phenylpropanoid metabolism. The authors showed this by examining triple mutants affecting CYP831B and the upstream enzymes CYP79B2 and CYP79B3, which produce IAOx. They found that the triple mutants do not accumulate IAOx and also show higher levels of sinapoylmalate, indicating that the low-sinapoylmalate phenotype results from high IAOx, not low indole glucosinolates. Examination of phenylalanine, flavonoids, and other intermediates in the phenylpropanoid pathway in different mutants also showed that the inhibitory effect of IAOx likely occurs early in the pathway, possibly acting on the first committed enzyme of the pathway, PHENYL-ALANINE AMMONIA LYASE2. Double mutants of REF5 and CYP83A1/REF2, which encodes another enzyme in the glucosinolate pathway, showed a synergistic effect on the phenylpropanoid pathway, with a 96% reduction in sinapoylmalate contents compared with a 70% reduction in each single mutant. Moreover, a screen for suppressors of ref5 identified a subunit of the Mediator complex, indicating that changes in transcription involving the Mediator complex may cause the repression of the phenylpropanoid pathway.Identification of the crosstalk between glucosinolate and the phenylpropanoid pathway, and of the role of the Mediator complex, ...

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Metabolic Crosstalk: Interactions between the Phenylpropanoid and Glucosinolate Pathways in Arabidopsis

Mach

2015

Plant Cell

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“…Furthermore, certain benzylglucosinolates play a role in pathogen defense and are found in developing seeds and germinating seedlings (Graser et al, 2001). These active defense molecules are synthesized in the cytosol by transferring a benzoyl moiety from benzoyl-CoA to a hydroxylated aliphatic glucosinolate, though the precursor benzoyl-CoA is primarily produced from cinnamic acid via peroxysomal beta-oxidation (Baskar et al, 2012 ;Lee 2012 ;Qualley et al, 2012). Also Peroxysomes contain important enzymes and generate diverse metabolites that have a relevant role in the direct and indirect plant defense against herbivores (Shabab 2013).…”

Section: Defense By Peroxysomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defensive mechanisms in Plants: The role of component plant cells in defense against biotic and abitic stresses

Chamandoosti¹

2017

Engineering Journal

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“…The importance of canola has been increasing up to this time because of its potential as a renewable energy resource for methyl-ester that can be used as biodiesel for transport (Souckova, 2006). Furthermore, members of Brassicas are also used by researchers in taxonomic research (Vaughan, 1977), insect plant interaction studies (Baskar et al, 2012) and as breeding materials for disease and insect resistance, and high yielding cultivars (Gupta, 2012).…”

Section: Economic Importance Of Brassica Cropsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This was attributed to stage 4 being a nutritionally superior host for their offspring (Smyth et al, 2003b). 8 of glucosinolates during herbivore feeding, which leads to the formation of different products such as isothiocyanates, nitriles, epithionitriles and thiocyanates ( Figure 2) (Textor and Gershenzon, 2009;Schramm et al, 2012;Baskar et al, 2012).…”

Section: Plant Phenologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Choice of feeding sites, growth and survival by Crocidolomia pavonana (F.)

Tadle¹

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The large cabbage moth, Crocidolomia pavonana (F.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is one of the most significant pests of Brassica crops and has re-emerged as a serious pest of crucifer crops in tropical and sub-tropical Asia because of the control used against the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). The damage caused by this pest can be significant because larvae devour young tissues of the plant at different stages and bore into the centre of the cabbage head at maturity and can damage the whole cabbage plant. Despite its economic importance the interaction of this pest with its host plant is not well understood.The current study showed that larval feeding by C. pavonana was influenced by the presence of cabbage in artificial diet, in laboratory bioassays. Of the four diets developed and tested, neonates survived and completed developmental stages (81%) on diet containing cabbage (Brassica oleracea cv sugarloaf) more so than on base diet (diet without cabbage), diet containing wheat grass or spinach powder. Neonates were able to locate diet with cabbage powder but not when cabbage was absent (i.e. base diet).Similarly, in an olfactometer test, neonates were strongly attracted to the odour of diet with cabbage compared with diet without cabbage. More than twice the number of feeding events was observed on filter paper disks impregnated with diet containing cabbage powder than on paper disks with base diet. The behavioural responses of neonates to diet with cabbage are linked to the glucosinolates present on cabbage plants. Sinigrin elicited feeding when added to diet without cabbage and also when applied to a non-host plant, Gossypium hirsutum (Sicot 71RRF). Neonates' response to allyl isothiocyanate in a twoarm olfactometer was stronger than to sinigrin, which would explain larval attraction to damaged cabbage plants. These results indicate that sinigrin and allyl isothiocyanate provide important feeding and olfactory cues for C. pavonana larvae.Larval feeding and moth oviposition behaviour of C. pavonana was further studied using whole cabbage plants of two different ages (6 and 8-leaf stage) and this was compared to the response of a well-studied crucifer specialist, P. xylostella. Plant age did not significantly affect oviposition and feeding preference by C. pavonana whereas P. xylostella preferred younger plants for oviposition and larval feeding. The intra-plant distribution of eggs and feeding sites was similar for both species, but egg distribution showed a pattern different from feeding sites. Neonates that hatched from eggs deposited ii on lower leaves moved towards the apical portion of the plant and established a majority of feeding sites on younger leaves. Preference for younger leaves was also observed on excised leaves, indicating architectural position was not the factor driving choice. Younger leaves are known to have a higher concentration of nitrogen content and proteins suitable for larval development, whereas lower leaves are considered not palatable b...

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Engineering Glucosinolates in Plants: Current Knowledge and Potential Uses

Cited by 46 publications

References 216 publications

Metabolic Crosstalk: Interactions between the Phenylpropanoid and Glucosinolate Pathways in Arabidopsis

Metabolic Crosstalk: Interactions between the Phenylpropanoid and Glucosinolate Pathways in Arabidopsis

Defensive mechanisms in Plants: The role of component plant cells in defense against biotic and abitic stresses

Choice of feeding sites, growth and survival by Crocidolomia pavonana (F.)

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