Engineering for Emergence in Information Fusion Systems: A Review of Some Challenges

Detecting emergence in engineered systems: A literature review and synthesis approach

“…A more sophisticated method like Machine Learning is used in today's state of the art research in emergence. Raz et al., 56 Raman and Jeppu, 57–59 Raman et al., 60 and Raman and Murugesan 61,62 are exploring in recent papers how Machine Learning algorithms can help detect emergent behavior. Although Machine Learning can be used for both automatic and manual tasks, these papers seem to agree that automation measures can be very helpful in ensuring sufficient test coverage and extraction of information from test data to facilitate detection of emergent behavior.…”

“…Many methods have shown promising results in different case studies. [1][2][3]17,28,30,36,[49][50][51][52][53][54][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67]70,71,[73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80] The approaches range from intuitive specialized model views used by Guariniello et al 1 to advanced non-intuitive methods like Machine Learning used by Raz et al 56 Different approaches will serve different cases to a varying degree, requiring a thorough evaluation process to select the most appropriate method to utilize in each case. In the following, we will discuss the proposed research questions.…”

“…The Systems Engineering process and methods are a good start for detecting emergence by incorporating working procedures making this possible 56 . Raz et al 56 . Raman and Jeppu 57–59 .…”

“…49 The second approach is related to how efficient we are able to execute a test cycle, looking into the manual versus automatic task balance. 17,28,36,54,80 Machine Learning is a method of interest to automate data analysis, [56][57][58][59][60][61][62] and statistical debugging is another. 79 The third approach is modeling and simulation to increase our level of understanding through simulation and updated models.…”

“…The current research coverage in the area of emergence stops in the transition between weak and strong type of emergence, weak emergence being predictable while strong emergence being unpredictable. 1,2,17,28,30,36,[49][50][51][52][53][54][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67]70,71,[73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80] No strategies or methods have proven to be successful to detect strong emergence. 16 The literature is looking at simple and weak emergence in complicated and complex systems.…”