Engineering design of a virtual reality simulator for gynaecological endoscopy

Haptic Feedback, Force Feedback, and Force-Sensing in Simulation Training for Laparoscopy: A Systematic Overview

“…[26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33] Instead of using the PHANToM device, some researchers have themselves developed a device or a complete simulator with haptic feedback incorporated. 10,27,[34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50] The developed simulators cover different laparoscopic procedures such as cholecystectomy, 26 herniorhaphy 40 and laparoscopic adjustable gastric band surgery 33 or basic laparoscopic tasks such as the tasks used in the fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery program, 31 palpation techniques 42 and cutting tasks. 50 Fidelity of the VR simulator.…”

“…30,[35][36][37][38]48,51,52,54,55 Haptic devices are thought to be most realistic when they feature compactness, high sustained output force capability, low inertia, low friction, high structural stiffness, 0 backlash, an absence of mechanical singularities, good responsiveness, and narrow-ranged bandwidth. [35][36][37][38]46 The degrees of freedom (DOF) of the different haptic interface devices described in the literature range from 2 to 6. Devices with 2 DOFs are solely capable of simulating a movement such as poking or swinging in a single plane, while a device with 6 DOFs facilitates more complicated movements and actions in multiple directions.…”

Hysteroscopic Simulator for Training and Educational Purposes

“…However, the limitations of available processing power must be taken into consideration while maintaining real-time visual realism and accurate user interactions. The focus on constructing a simulator for hysteroscopic procedures is essentially to extend the scope of the current laparoscopic-based training simulator -Virtual Kylie [5]. While certain aspects may be shared between the simulators, the hysteroscopic environment is significantly different.…”