Engineering Design, Implementation, and Sensing Mechanisms of Wearable Bioelectronic Sensors in Clinical Settings

Abstract

Wearable sensing devices have transformed the hourly analysis of events such as body signals and environmental risks into real‐time monitoring in minutes or seconds. Wearable sensors have facilitated the ability to obtain useful data by monitoring the physiological parameters and activities of an aided and a healthy individual. Wearable devices employ detectable biomarkers in the human body, such as in tears, saliva, interstitial fluid, sweat, and so on. These can deliver relevant information on human health, online activity monitoring, and therapeutic treatments. This section outlines the significance of sample types and associated biomarkers as indicators in the development and manufacturing of wearable biosensors. We have emphasized the most recent advances of wearables based on skin‐like and textile, giving attention to personalized health monitoring to record signals of motion and physiological and body fluid investigation. Furthermore, this review categorizes wearable biosensors based on the sensing mechanism, electrochemical, optical, and mechanical. Additionally, the recent wearables related to the detection of the newly havoc‐causing pandemic, COVID‐19, and the future perspective for the development of much more advanced and potent wearable biosensors have been highlighted. The final section highlights unmet difficulties and gaps in wearable sensors in personalized therapy.

Hybrid Impedimetric Biosensors for Express Protein Markers Detection

“…There are several classes of recognition elements that can be used for impedimetric detection of proteins, such as antibodies, aptamers, peptides, enzymes, affimers, affibodies, nanobodies, and molecularly imprinted polymers [159][160][161][162][163][164][165]. The binding of the analyte to the recognition element leads to a change in the electrical properties on the electrode surface.…”

Electrochemical Wearable Biosensors and Bioelectronic Devices Based on Hydrogels: Mechanical Properties and Electrochemical Behavior

“…However, the paper microfluidic channel on these devices must be replaced frequently since they do not allow for long-term biomarker measurements [ 297 , 298 ]. Textiles are another promising platform for HWEBs, offering flexibility, versatility, breathability, stability, non-invasiveness, and comfort during wear [ 282 , 299 , 300 ]. A paper-based hydrogel electrochemical wearable biosensor is made by designing and fabricating the biosensor onto a paper-based substrate, preparing a hydrogel, and immobilizing a biomolecule onto it to detect the target analyte.…”

Solid‐State Cholesteric Liquid Crystals as an Emerging Platform for the Development of Optical Photonic Sensors

“…Furthermore, the interpenetrating structure of IPN within the CLC solid matrix offers opportunities to introduce functional groups or responsive elements within the IPN network, enabling precise control over the behavior of the CLC phase in response to external stimuli, such as temperature, light, or mechanical stress. [54,55] This opens avenues for the development of smart materials and responsive displays with tunable optical properties, which hold potential applications in various fields, including photonics, sensors, and advanced display technologies.…”