Engineering and application of enzymes for lipid modification, an update

Abstract

This review first provides a brief introduction into the most important tools and strategies for protein engineering (i.e. directed evolution and rational protein design combined with high-throughput screening methods) followed by examples from literature, in which enzymes have been optimized for biocatalytic applications. This covers engineered lipases with altered fatty acid chain length selectivity, fatty acid specificity and improved performance in esterification reactions. Furthermore, recent achievements reported for phospholipases, lipoxygenases, P450 monooxygenases, decarboxylating enzymes, fatty acid hydratases and the use of enzymes in cascade reactions are treated.

On the current role of hydratases in biocatalysis

“…Application of the latter enzymes is often limited by their low expression levels and poor stability, insufficient activity and the demand for stoichiometric amounts of nucleotide cofactors (Zorn et al 2016). In contrast, FAHs are, in general, easily expressed in Escherichia coli , reasonably stable and active, and catalyse the reaction without the need for stoichiometric supply with FAD.…”

Production of MLM Type Structured Lipids From Grapeseed Oil Catalyzed by Non‐Commercial Lipases

“…Also, they are highly selective and some of them are regio-selective, which is not an option for chemical catalysts. [2,6] They can be used nonimmobilized or immobilized in solid supports in order to be reused in batch or used in continuous bioreactors. However, the high prices of commercial lipases, together with their frequently low operational stability, were recognized as the major constraints to the use of lipase-catalyzed processes.…”

Enzymatically Modified Shea Butter and Palm Kernel Oil as Potential Lipid Drug Delivery Matrices

“…The resulting mixtures were heated to 45-50 C on a water bath and manually stirred with a glass rod until a homogenous mixture was obtained. The final product (anhydrous emulsion) was then stored at [20][21][22][23][24][25] C for further use. The composition of the resulting mixtures is given in Table 2.…”

“…From literature it is well known that TAGs can be subjected to enzyme-catalyzed acidolysis as shown for instance for cocoabutter equivalent production or for the synthesis of structured triglycerides such as Betapol (1,3-oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-glycerol) for which several concepts using a variety of commercial lipases have been described. [19,20] In the present study, we have investigated the lipase-catalyzed modification of SB and PKO with the aim to improve their applicability in oral lipid-based drug delivery systems for pharmaceutical use.…”