“…Nowadays, sensory evaluation( Fu, Wang, Zhang, Zhou, & Liu, 2019 ), chemical-microbiological measurements( Duan et al, 2022 ), chromatography( Quan et al, 2016 ), chromatography-mass spectrometry( Stillwell, Bryant, & Wishnok, 1987 ), spectroscopy( Keklik, Demirci, & Puri, 2010 ), electronic nose( Dowlati, Guardia, Dowlati, & Mohtasebi, 2012 ), and electronic tongue(H. Li et al, 2023 ) are main existing detection methods. Although these methods enable detection the freshness of chilled meat, they all have limitations.…”