Engineered isoprenoid pathway enhances astaxanthin production inEscherichia coli

Wang, Chia Wei; Oh, Min Kyu; Liao, James C.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19990120)62:2<235::aid-bit14>3.0.co;2-u

Cited by 158 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 39 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Subsequently, the isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase (IPI) catalyzes the isomerization of IPP to dimethylallyl diphosphate (Lichtenthaler 1999). Introduction of a heterologous IPI gene in Escherichia coli enhanced the accumulation of carotenoids, supporting a role of IPI in regulating carotenoid biosynthesis (Kajiwara et al 1997, Wang et al 1999. Two cDNAs of IPI, IPI1 and IPI2 have been cloned and characterized in H. pluvialis (Sun et al 1998).…”

Section: Biosynthesis Of Astaxanthin In Haematococcus Pluvialismentioning

confidence: 93%

Astaxanthin in microalgae: pathways, functions and biotechnological implications

Han¹,

Li²,

Hu³

2013

ALGAE

180

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Major progress has been made in the past decade towards understanding of the biosynthesis of red carotenoid astaxanthin and its roles in stress response while exploiting microalgae-based astaxanthin as a potent antioxidant for human health and as a coloring agent for aquaculture applications. In this review, astaxanthin-producing green microalgae are briefly summarized with Haematococcus pluvialis and Chlorella zofingiensis recognized to be the most popular astaxanthin-producers. Two distinct pathways for astaxanthin synthesis along with associated cellular, physiological, and biochemical changes are elucidated using H. pluvialis and C. zofingiensis as the model systems. Interactions between astaxanthin biosynthesis and photosynthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis and enzymatic defense systems are described in the context of multiple lines of defense mechanisms working in concert against photooxidative stress. Major pros and cons of mass cultivation of H. pluvialis and C. zofingiensis in phototrophic, heterotrophic, and mixotrophic culture modes are analyzed. Recent progress in genetic engineering of plants and microalgae for astaxanthin production is presented. Future advancement in microalgal astaxanthin research will depend largely on genome sequencing of H. pluvialis and C. zofingiensis and genetic toolbox development. Continuous effort along the heterotrophic-phototrophic culture mode could lead to major expansion of the microalgal astaxanthin industry.

show abstract

Section: Biosynthesis Of Astaxanthin In Haematococcus Pluvialismentioning

confidence: 93%

Astaxanthin in microalgae: pathways, functions and biotechnological implications

Han¹,

Li²,

Hu³

2013

ALGAE

180

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] C]Isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and [1-3 H]GGPP were purchased from Amersham Biosciences. All other chemicals were of analytical grade.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The reaction product was hydrolyzed with acid phosphatase and analyzed by HPLC, using a YMC-Pack ODS-A column (4.6 ϫ 250 mm, YMC) eluted with methanol/2-propanol (7:3). The proportion of 3 H and 14 C radioactivities that co-eluted with the peak of the new product was measured using a ramona Star radio-HPLC analyzer (Raytest).…”

Section: Fig 2 Biosynthetic Pathway Of Archaeal Membrane Lipidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2). The genes of (all-E) geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) 1 synthase (GGPS), which catalyzes the production of the general precursor of the alkyl moieties of ordinary archaeal lipids, have been cloned from the thermophilic archaea, Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (2) and Archaeoglobus fulgidus (3), and a methanogenic archeaon Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (4), and homologues have been identified in the genomes of various archaea. It is also noteworthy that some archaea such as halophilic Natronobacterium pharaonis (5) and thermophilic Aeropyrum pernix (6) utilize the longer farnesylgeranyl diphosphate as a precursor of alkyl groups.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

(S)-2,3-Di-O-geranylgeranylglyceryl Phosphate Synthase from the Thermoacidophilic Archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus

Hemmi

Shibuya

Takahashi

et al. 2004

Journal of Biological Chemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The core structure of membrane lipids of archaea have some unique properties that permit archaea to be distinguished from the others, i.e. bacteria and eukaryotes. (S)-2,3-Di-O-geranylgeranylglyceryl phosphate synthase, which catalyzes the transfer of a geranylgeranyl group from geranylgeranyl diphosphate to (S)-3-O-geranylgeranylglyceryl phosphate, is involved in the biosynthesis of archaeal membrane lipids. Enzymes of the UbiA prenyltransferase family are known to catalyze the transfer of a prenyl group to various acceptors with hydrophobic ring structures in the biosynthesis of respiratory quinones, hemes, chlorophylls, vitamin E, and shikonin. The thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus was found to encode three homologues of UbiA prenyltransferase in its genome. One of the homologues encoded by SSO0583 was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and characterized. Radio-assay and mass spectrometry analysis data indicated that the enzyme specifically catalyzes the biosynthesis of (S)-2,3-di-O-geranylgeranylglyceryl phosphate. The fact that the orthologues of the enzyme are encoded in almost all archaeal genomes clearly indicates the importance of their functions. A phylogenetic tree constructed using the amino acid sequences of some typical members of the UbiA prenyltransferase family and their homologues from S. solfataricus suggests that the two other S. solfataricus homologues, excluding the (S)-2,3-di-Ogeranylgeranylglyceryl phosphate synthase, are involved in the production of respiratory quinone and heme, respectively. We propose here that archaeal prenyltransferases involved in membrane lipid biosynthesis might be prototypes of the protein family and that archaea might have played an important role in the molecular evolution of prenyltransferases.The structures of membrane lipids have some interesting and remarkable properties that enable us to distinguish archaea from other organisms, i.e. eukaryotes and bacteria (1) (Fig. 1). Although the archaeal "diether" membrane lipids are homologues of glycerolipids in other organisms, they differ with respect to the following features: 1) The hydrocarbon moieties of the archaeal lipids are fully reduced C 20 or C 25 prenyl groups, whereas the ordinary glycerolipids contain linear acyl groups. 2) The alkyl groups are attached to glycerol via an ether bond in archaeal lipids, while glycerol and the acyl chains are ester-bonded in the bacterial and eukaryotic glycerolipids.3) The two groups of membrane lipids have opposite chiralities at their glycerol moieties; in short, the glycerol moieties of the archaeal and other glycerolipids are sn-2,3-di-O-alkylated and sn-1,2-di-O-acylated, respectively. Moreover, the existence of circular "tetraether" lipids, which are synthesized from two molecules of diether lipids in methanogenic and thermophilic archaea, emphasizes the uniqueness of the archaeal membrane lipids.The biosynthesis of the core structure of archaeal membrane lipids has been studied to date (Fig. 2). The genes of (all-E) geranylgeranyl diphos...

show abstract

“…For example, overexpression of DXS or GGPPS in combination with a carotenoid cluster significantly enhanced carotenoids produced in an E. coli bacterial platform (Wang et al, 1999;Matthews and Wurtzel, 2000). Similar examples in other plants have shown that overexpression of genes for certain upstream precursor pathway enzymes (DXS, DXR, or HDR) plus a downstream pathway enzyme forced pathway flux to the downstream pathway (BotellaPavia et al, 2004;Carretero-Paulet et al, 2006;MunozBertomeu et al, 2006).…”

Section: Upstream Isoprenoid Biosynthesis Controls Downstream Endospementioning

confidence: 99%

Timing and Biosynthetic Potential for Carotenoid Accumulation in Genetically Diverse Germplasm of Maize

2009

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Enhancement of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in food crops benefits human health and adds commercial value of natural food colorants. However, predictable metabolic engineering or breeding is limited by the incomplete understanding of endogenous pathway regulation, including rate-controlling steps and timing of expression in carotenogenic tissues. The grass family (Poaceae) contains major crop staples, including maize (Zea mays), wheat (Triticum aestivum), rice (Oryza sativa), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), and millet (Pennisetum glaucum). Maize carotenogenesis was investigated using a novel approach to discover genes encoding limiting biosynthetic steps in the nutritionally targeted seed endosperm. A combination of bioinformatics and cloning were first used to identify and map gene families encoding enzymes in maize and other grasses. These enzymes represented upstream pathways for isopentenyl diphosphate and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthesis and the downstream carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, including conversion to abscisic acid. A maize germplasm collection was used for statistical testing of the correlation between carotenoid content and candidate gene transcript levels. Multiple pathway bottlenecks for isoprenoid biosynthesis and carotenoid biosynthesis were discovered in specific temporal windows of endosperm development. Transcript levels of paralogs encoding isoprenoid isopentenyl diphosphate and geranylgeranyl diphosphate-producing enzymes, DXS3, DXR, HDR, and GGPPS1, were found to positively correlate with endosperm carotenoid content. For carotenoid pathway enzymes, transcript levels for CrtISO inversely correlated with seed carotenoid content, as compared with positive correlation of PSY1 transcripts. Since zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) depletes the carotenoid pool in subsequent conversion to abscisic acid, ZEP transcripts were examined. Carotenoid accumulation was found to be inversely associated with ZEP1 and ZEP2 transcript levels. Extension of the maize results using phylogenetic analysis identified orthologs in other grass species that may serve as potential metabolic engineering targets.

show abstract

Engineered isoprenoid pathway enhances astaxanthin production inEscherichia coli

Cited by 158 publications

References 39 publications

Astaxanthin in microalgae: pathways, functions and biotechnological implications

Astaxanthin in microalgae: pathways, functions and biotechnological implications

(S)-2,3-Di-O-geranylgeranylglyceryl Phosphate Synthase from the Thermoacidophilic Archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus

Timing and Biosynthetic Potential for Carotenoid Accumulation in Genetically Diverse Germplasm of Maize

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About