Engineered exosomes and composite biomaterials for tissue regeneration

Abstract

Exosomes, which are small vesicles enclosed by a lipid bilayer and released by many cell types, are widely dispersed and have garnered increased attention in the field of regenerative medicine due to their ability to serve as indicators of diseases and agents with therapeutic potential. Exosomes play a crucial role in mediating intercellular communication through the transfer of many biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, RNA, and other molecular constituents, between cells. The targeted transport of proteins and nucleic acids to specific cells has the potential to enhance or impair specific biological functions. Exosomes have many applications, and they can be used alone or in combination with other therapeutic approaches. The examination of the unique attributes and many functions of these factors has emerged as a prominent field of study in the realm of biomedical research. This manuscript summarizes the origins and properties of exosomes, including their structural, biological, physical, and chemical aspects. This paper offers a complete examination of recent progress in tissue repair and regenerative medicine, emphasizing the possible implications of these methods in forthcoming tissue regeneration attempts.

Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Nanovesicles Containing H8 Improve Hepatic Glucose and Lipid Metabolism and Exert Ameliorative Effects in Type 2 Diabetes

“…NVs play an important role in intercellular communication, allowing cells to exchange information and materials. 35 One of the most promising applications of NVs is drug delivery. Because they are naturally produced by cells, NVs are non-toxic and biocompatible.…”

Exosomes derived from tendon stem/progenitor cells enhance tendon-bone interface healing after rotator cuff repair in a rat model

“…They contain mRNAs, microRNAs, proteins, signaling cytokines, and lipids [ 20 ], serving as messengers of cell-cell communication and regulators of various recipient cell functions [ 21 ]. Numerous medical studies have demonstrated exosomes' ability to regulate inflammation, modulate immune responses, influence cancer development, facilitate tissue repair, and aid in drug delivery [ [22] , [23] , [24] ]. Recent research has focused on the therapeutic effects of exosomes derived from BMSCs, USCs, and ADSCs, significantly promoting tendon-bone healing in various animal models [ [25] , [26] , [27] ].…”