Engineered Cerebral Organoids Recapitulate Adult Tau Expression and Disease-relevant Changes in Tau Splicing

Abstract

The tauopathies are a collection of clinically and pathologically diverse neurodegenerative disorders characterised by tau pathology. The tau protein exists as multiple protein isoforms in the adult human CNS, generated by alternative splicing of the MAPT gene. Disruptions to tau splicing are associated with a number of tauopathies, however, in vitro and in vivo models to understand the consequences of disrupted tau splicing have been lacking, due in part to species differences in tau splicing and the developmental regulation of tau in human neurons. We investigated the utility of iPSC-derived cerebral organoids to model key aspects of tau biology. Cerebral organoids showed high variability in neuronal content and tau expression. To reduce this heterogeneity, we generated engineered cerebral organoids (enCORs), which use a floating scaffold to increase the efficiency of neural induction and reduce heterogeneity. We show that enCORs provide a robust and reproducible in vitro system for the analysis of tau expression and splicing in a 3D model. To investigate the effect of tau mutations, we generated enCORs from an isogenic series of iPSC with the MAPT 10+16 and P301S mutations. The presence of tau splicing mutations results in disease-associated alterations in tau expression, specifically a dose-dependent increase in 4R tau isoforms in the presence of the MAPT 10+16 variant. While the developmental regulation of tau splicing is conserved, maturation of tau splicing is accelerated in 3D cultures compared to 2D cultures. Finally, enCORs with coding mutations in MAPT are able to produce seed-competent tau species, suggesting enCORs recapitulate early features of tau pathology. In summary, enCORs provide a novel, robust in vitro system for the study of tau in development and disease.

Development of MAPT S305 mutation models exhibiting elevated 4R tau expression, resulting in altered neuronal and astrocytic function

“…Human iPSC models have proven themselves a valuable tool for the study of early cellular perturbations and mechanisms contributing to neurodegenerative disorders: for example, both 2D neuronal monocultures and 3D organoid models have recapitulated key phenotypes associated with tauopathies, and reveal unique phenotypes of interest [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] . However, these models, like other iPSC-derived neuronal models, most closely resemble fetal brain 18 , and therefore express almost exclusively 3R tau.…”