“…As Sarikakis (2004) argues, the EP had long been pushing for supranational competences in the media sector in the face of reluctance or opposition from some member states and, to some extent, the Commission. The battle over Television Without Frontiers (TVwF), and its successor, the AVMS Directive, also marks out a difference in approach, where the Commission treated broadcasting essentially as a commercial activity to be liberalised and the EP as a cultural and human rights issue (Sarikakis 2004(Sarikakis , 2007; see also Dawson and Muir 2012). Dominant forces within Parliament pushed for the creation of a supranational broadcasting regulator when TVwF was discussed (Sarikakis 2004, 94); and later for guarantees in the AVMS Directive for the independence of national regulatory authorities (Agence Europe, 9 March 2007).…”