Enforced Layer-by-Layer Stacking of Energetic Salts towards High-Performance Insensitive Energetic Materials

Abstract

Development of modern high-performance insensitive energetic materials is significant because of the increasing demands for both military and civilian applications. Here we propose a rapid and facile strategy called the "layer hydrogen bonding pairing approach" to organize energetic molecules via layer-by-layer stacking, which grants access to tunable energetic materials with targeted properties. Using this strategy, an unusual energetic salt, hydroxylammonium 4-amino-furazan-3-yl-tetrazol-1-olate, with good detonation performances and excellent sensitivities, was designed, synthesized, and fully characterized. In addition, the expected unique layer-by-layer structure with a high crystal packing coefficient was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Calculations indicate that the layer-stacking structure of this material can absorb the mechanical stimuli-induced kinetic energy by converting it to layer sliding, which results in low sensitivity.

Study of Six Green Insensitive High Energetic Coordination Polymers Based on Alkali/Alkali‐Earth Metals and 4,5‐Bis(tetrazol‐5‐yl)‐2 H‐1,2,3‐triazole

“…Energetic materials, focusingo np ropellants, explosives, and pyrotechnics, are continuously the focus of intense research interests in chemicala nd materials cience [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] as they have made great contributions to the development of civilian and military areas. With the increaseo fa pplication requirements, conventional insensitive explosives 2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TATB) or classical high-energetic explosives such as 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane (HMX) and 2,4,6,8,10,4,6,8,10,, which are both individual organic backbones constructed from simple elements of C, H, O, and N, leave much room for improvement because they exhibit either the insufficient energetic performance or poor safety properties. [9] Therefore, searching for novel explosive moleculesw ith high energy,h igh density,h igh heat resistance, and insensitivity to the externals timulation, namedi nsensitiveh igh explosives (IHEs), has become the goal of ener-getic materials researchers to resolve the existing contradiction between high safety and energy.…”

Synthesis and Characterization of 4‐(1,2,4‐Triazole‐5‐yl)furazan Derivatives as High‐Performance Insensitive Energetic Materials

“…[6] However,i n general,e nergetic materials with highly acceptable performance (e.g.,1 ,1'-azobistetrazole) also exhibit high sensitivities towards physicals timuli,r esulting in their marginalv alue for practical applicationsw hile the materialsw ith the desired sensitivities do not meet the performance requirements. [10][11][12][13] The incorporation of the nitroamino group into af urazanr ing increases the density and improves the oxygen balancea nd thus, enhances the detonation performance. [10][11][12][13] The incorporation of the nitroamino group into af urazanr ing increases the density and improves the oxygen balancea nd thus, enhances the detonation performance.…”

“…13 CNMR (75 MHz, [D 6 ]DMSO): d = 157 10, . HNMR (300 MHz, [D 6 ]acetone): d = 7.14 (t, 2H), 5.52(s, 2H), 5.50 (s, 2H), 2.96 ppm (br).…”

Heats of formation and thermal stability of substituted 1,1′‐Azobis(tetrazole) compounds with an extended nitrogen chain

“…These compounds are characterized by their large heats of formation and their relatively high thermal stability. The azole family belongs to this class and in recent years there have been extensive studies on nitrogen‐rich heterocycles such as triazoles and tetrazoles as building blocks for the synthesis of new energetic materials . The energy content of these compounds is derived mostly from their high positive heats of formation, that is, the energy is correlated to the number of nitrogen atoms in the compound.…”