Energy, Water, and Broad-Scale Geographic Patterns of Species Richness

Hawkins, Bradford A.; Field, Richard; Cornell, Howard V.; Currie, David J.; Guégan, Jean‐François; Kaufman, Dawn M.; Kerr, Jeremy T.; Mittelbach, Gary G.; Oberdorff, Thierry; O’Brien, Eileen M.; Porter, Eric E.; Turner, John R. G.

doi:10.1890/03-8006

Cited by 2,061 publications

(2,753 citation statements)

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“…At the macro-scale (large plots, typically comprising hundreds of km 2 , spread throughout an entire geographical region) monotonically increasing species-energy relationships become more frequent and most authors conclude that they predominate (e.g. Currie, 1991 ;Wright, Currie & Maurer, 1993 ;Guegan, Lek & Oberdorff, 1998 ;Kerr, Vincent & Currie, 1998 ;Kerr & Packer, 1999 ;Waide et al, 1999;Gaston, 2000;Chase & Leibold, 2002;Astorga et al, 2003 ;Francis & Currie, 2003 ;Kaspari, Yuan & Alonso, 2003 ;Whittaker et al, 2003; but see Balmford et al, 2001;Mittelbach et al, 2001;Hawkins et al 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species–energy relationships at the macroecological scale: a review of the mechanisms

2005

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Correlations between the amount of energy received by an assemblage and the number of species that it contains are very general, and at the macro-scale such species-energy relationships typically follow a monotonically increasing curve. Whilst the ecological literature contains frequent reports of such relationships, debate on their causal mechanisms is limited and typically focuses on the role of energy availability in controlling the number of individuals in an assemblage. Assemblages from high-energy areas may contain more individuals enabling species to maintain larger, more viable populations, whose lower extinction risk elevates species richness. Other mechanisms have, however, also been suggested. Here we identify and clarify nine principal mechanisms that may generate positive species-energy relationships at the macro-scale. We critically assess their assumptions and applicability over a range of spatial scales, derive predictions for each and assess the evidence that supports or refutes them. Our synthesis demonstrates that all mechanisms share at least one of their predictions with an alternative mechanism. Some previous studies of species-energy relationships appear not to have recognised the extent of shared predictions, and this may detract from their contribution to the debate on causal mechanisms. The combination of predictions and assumptions made by each mechanism is, however, unique, suggesting that, in principle, conclusive tests are possible. Sufficient testing of all mechanisms has yet to be conducted, and no single mechanism currently has unequivocal support. Each may contribute to species-energy relationships in some circumstances, but some mechanisms are unlikely to act simultaneously. Moreover, a limited number appear particularly likely to contribute frequently to species-energy relationships at the macro-scale. The increased population size, niche position and diversification rate mechanisms are particularly noteworthy in this context.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Species–energy relationships at the macroecological scale: a review of the mechanisms

2005

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“…Sendo a fragmentação e destruição de habitat natural a primária e principal causa do declínio global da biodiversidade (Fahrig, 2003;Henle et al, 2004;Matthews;Cottee-Jones;Whittaker, 2014).…”

Section: Crise Ambiental E Importância Dos Recursos Naturaisunclassified

“…Para escala de 10 km, observamos um decrescimo da riqueza com aumento da variação do tamanho do fragmento, porém novamento não podemos afirmar que é um padrão claro. Relação positiva entre temperatura de riqueza de espécies já foi amplamente comprovada para padrões de larga escala (Hawkins et al, 2003, Evans et al, 2005. Mas a teoria metabólica da ecologia prevê que a relação entre temperatura e riqueza de espécies apresenta uma resposta bem especifica onde a relação é linear e negativa com uma inclinação (Hawkins et al, 2003, Evans et al, 2005.…”

Section: Riqueza De Espéciesunclassified

“…Entretanto, o que se tem observado é uma crescente e preocupante perda da diversidade biológica (Butchartet al 2010), principalmente em função da perda de habitat e fragmentação (Fahrig, 2003;Henle et al, 2004), do fogo, da exploração excessiva dos recursos naturais e da introdução de espécies exóticas e invasoras, entre outros (Primack;Rodrigues, 2001). O Estado de São Paulo não se apresenta em situação diferente, com apenas 14% de sua cobertura original (FAPESP, 2008), porém com uma biodiversidade expressiva.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…A perda de habitat e fragmentação são dois dos fatores que historicamente tem mais impactado a biodiversidade (Fahrig, 2003;Henle et al, 2004), sendo impulsionados principalmente pela dinâmica de ações antrópicas na mudança do uso e ocupação do solo Gascon, 2005). Tendo em vista que num futuro próximo o padrão será uma paisagem inteiramente fragmentada, faz-se necessário uma aliança entre pesquisadores e tomadores de decisão para que esse cenário seja revertido e ações de manejo e gestão ambiental sejam empregadas visando conservar os fragmentos remanescentes e evitar a extinção da biodiversidade e de seus benefícios (Anhaia et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Investigation of North American vegetation variability under recent climate: A study using the SSiB4/TRIFFID biophysical/dynamic vegetation model

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Recent studies have shown that current dynamic vegetation models have serious weaknesses in reproducing the observed vegetation dynamics and contribute to bias in climate simulations. This study intends to identify the major factors that underlie the connections between vegetation dynamics and climate variability and investigates vegetation spatial distribution and temporal variability at seasonal to decadal scales over North America (NA) to assess a 2-D biophysical model/dynamic vegetation model's (Simplified Simple Biosphere Model version 4, coupled with the Top-down Representation of Interactive Foliage and Flora Including Dynamics Model (SSiB4/TRIFFID)) ability to simulate these characteristics for the past 60 years (1948 through 2008). Satellite data are employed as constraints for the study and to compare the relationships between vegetation and climate from the observational and the simulation data sets. Trends in NA vegetation over this period are examined. The optimum temperature for photosynthesis, leaf drop threshold temperatures, and competition coefficients in the Lotka-Volterra equation, which describes the population dynamics of species competing for some common resource, have been identified as having major impacts on vegetation spatial distribution and obtaining proper initial vegetation conditions in SSiB4/TRIFFID. The finding that vegetation competition coefficients significantly affect vegetation distribution suggests the importance of including biotic effects in dynamical vegetation modeling. The improved SSiB4/TRIFFID can reproduce the main features of the NA distributions of dominant vegetation types, the vegetation fraction, and leaf area index (LAI), including its seasonal, interannual, and decadal variabilities. The simulated NA LAI also shows a general increasing trend after the 1970s in responding to warming. Both simulation and satellite observations reveal that LAI increased substantially in the southeastern U.S. starting from the 1980s. The effects of the severe drought during 1987-1992 and the last decade in the southwestern U.S. on vegetation are also evident from decreases in the simulated and satellite-derived LAIs. Both simulated and satellite-derived LAIs have the strongest correlations with air temperature at northern middle to high latitudes in spring reflecting the effect of these climatic variables on photosynthesis and phenological processes. Meanwhile, in southwestern dry lands, negative correlations appear due to the heat and moisture stress there during the summer. Furthermore, there are also positive correlations between soil wetness and LAI, which increases from spring to summer. The present study shows both the current improvements and remaining weaknesses in dynamical vegetation models. It also highlights large continental-scale variations that have occurred in NA vegetation over the past six decades and their potential relations to climate. With more observational data availability, more studies with different models and focusing on different regions wil...

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Energy, Water, and Broad-Scale Geographic Patterns of Species Richness

Cited by 2,061 publications

References 84 publications

Species–energy relationships at the macroecological scale: a review of the mechanisms

Species–energy relationships at the macroecological scale: a review of the mechanisms

Combinando informações ambientais e estrutura da paisagem para explicar padrões de biodiversidade: busca por alternativas eficientes para planejamento ambiental

Investigation of North American vegetation variability under recent climate: A study using the SSiB4/TRIFFID biophysical/dynamic vegetation model

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