Energy utilization and growth in breast-fed and formula-fed infants measured prospectively during the first year of life

Bruin, N. C. De; Degenhart, H. J.; Gal, Solène Le; Westerterp, Klaas R.; Stijnen, Theo; Visser, Henk

doi:10.1093/ajcn/67.5.885

Cited by 60 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…On average, %TBF in the 9-month-old infants is similar to the corresponding figure presented by Davies et al (1997), but higher than that reported by Butte et al (2000a). Percentage TBF in the 14-month-old children is higher than corresponding figures presented by others for 12-month-old children (Davies et al, 1997;de Bruin et al, 1998;Butte et al, 2000a).…”

supporting

confidence: 69%

“…This is similar to figures reported by Butte et al (2000b), which were 320 AE 40 and 340 AE 50 kJ=kg=day for 9-month-old girls and boys, respectively, and 330 AE 50 and 340 AE 40 kJ=kg=day for 12-month-old girls and boys, respectively. Corresponding figures reported by de Bruin et al (1998) were 320 AE 35 and 343 AE 42 kJ=kg=day for 8-month-old girls and boys, respectively, and 323 AE 27 and 341 AE 35 kJ= kg=day for 12-monthold girls and boys, respectively. Davies et al (1997) presented slightly lower average figures, ie 306 AE 62, 308 AE 55, 325 AE 64 and 322 AE 56 kJ=kg=day for 9-month-old girls, 9-month-old boys, 12-month-old girls and 12-month-old boys, respectively.…”

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confidence: 54%

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Total energy expenditure and physical activity level in healthy young Swedish children 9 or 14 months of age

et al. 2003

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Objectives: To measure total energy expenditure (TEE) and total body water (TBW) in healthy Swedish children 9 or 14 months of age. To compare their TEE with current recommendations for energy intake. To define their body composition and relate this to energy expenditure. Design: Children were investigated at 9 or 14 months. The following variables were measured: TEE and TBW (by the doubly labelled water method), weight and length. Total body fat (TBF), sleeping metabolic rate, activity energy expenditure and physical activity level (PAL) were calculated. Subjects: Thirty infants 9 months of age and 29 children 14 months of age. Results: TEE was 323 AE 38, 322 AE 29, 313 AE 23 and 331 AE 28 kJ=kg=day in 9-month-old girls, 9-month-old boys, 14-month-old girls and 14-month-old boys, respectively. At 9 months of age girls and boys contained 29.6 AE 4.8 and 29.7 AE 4.5% TBF, respectively. At 14 months the corresponding figures were 29.1 AE 4.3 and 28.2 AE 4.3%. There was a significant negative relationship between PAL and %TBF (r ¼ 70.81, P < 0.001, n ¼ 59). Conclusions: Measured TEE plus calculated energy cost of growth confirm previous estimates that the physiological energy requirements of children 9 and 14 months of age are 15 -20% lower than current recommendations for energy intake. One possible interpretation of the relationship between PAL and %TBF is that children with a high TBF content are less physically active than children with less TBF. However, this relationship needs further studies.

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confidence: 69%

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confidence: 54%

Total energy expenditure and physical activity level in healthy young Swedish children 9 or 14 months of age

et al. 2003

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“…Breast-fed infants appear to have lower requirements than formula-fed infants (Butte, 1996), as has been shown from various studies on energy expenditure using the doubly labelled water method (Davies et al, 1990;De Bruin et al, 1998;Salazar et al, 2000). Butte et al (1990) compared sleeping metabolic rate in breast-and formula-fed babies and found higher values in the latter group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Breast milk and energy intake in exclusively, predominantly, and partially breast-fed infants

et al. 2003

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Objective: To investigate the extent to which breast milk is replaced by intake of other liquids or foods, and to estimate energy intake of infants defined as exclusively (EBF), predominantly (PBF) and partially breast-fed (PartBF). Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Community-based study in urban Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Subjects: A total of 70 infants aged 4 months recruited at birth. Main outcome measures: Breast milk intake measured using a 'dose-to-the-mother' deuterium-oxide turnover method; feeding pattern and macronutrient intake assessed using a frequency questionnaire. Results: Adjusted mean breast milk intakes were not different between EBF and PBF (EBF, 806 g/day vs PBF, 778 g/day, P ¼ 0.59). The difference between EBF and PartBF was significant (PartBF, 603 g/day, P ¼ 0.004). Mean intakes of water from supplements were 10 g/day (EBF), 134 g/day (PBF) and 395 g/day (PartBF). Compared to EBF these differences were significant (EBF vs PBF, P ¼ 0.005; EBF vs PartBF, Po0.001). The energy intake of infants receiving cow or formula milk (BF þ CM/FM) in addition to breast milk tended to be 20% higher than the energy intake of EBF infants (EBF, 347 kJ/kg/day vs BF þ CM/FM, 418 kJ/kg/day, P ¼ 0.11). Conclusions: There was no evidence that breast milk was replaced by water, tea or juice in PBF compared to EBF infants. The energy intake in BF þ CM/FM infants tended to be 20% above the latest recommendations (1996) for breast-fed and 9% above those for formula-fed infants. If high intakes are maintained, this may result in obesity later in life. Sponsorship: International Atomic Energy Agency through RC 10981/R1.

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“…Initially, energy requirement is mainly determined by growth and energy expenditure for body maintenance. 1 Activity energy expenditure as a fraction of TEE increases from 20% at age 1 to~35% at age 18. 2 The increase is reflected in an increase of the physical activity index (PAI = TEE/ REE) from 1.4 to 1.75.…”

Section: Body Size Body Composition and Energy Expenditurementioning

confidence: 98%

Control of energy expenditure in humans

2016

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Energy expenditure is determined by body size and body composition and by food intake and physical activity. Body size and body composition are the determinants of resting energy expenditure. Higher weight results in higher energy requirement through a higher resting requirement because of a higher maintenance cost of a larger body. Activity-induced energy expenditure is the most variable component of total energy expenditure. Smaller and leaner subjects generally move more as activity energy expenditure in larger subjects is not higher in proportion to the cost of moving with a higher body weight. Food intake induces changes in energy expenditure as a function of changes in body size and body composition. In addition, energy restriction induces an adaptive reduction of energy expenditure through a lowering of tissue metabolism and a reduction of body movement. An exercise-induced increase in activity expenditure is a function of the training status. In untrained subjects, exercise induces a larger increase in total energy expenditure than can be attributed to the energy cost of a training program. Trained subjects have a higher performance at the same expenditure through a higher exercise economy. INTRODUCTIONEnergy expenditure in humans is determined by body size and body composition, environment and behavior. A larger body, especially a larger fat-free mass, requires more maintenance and thus induces a higher basal metabolic rate or resting energy expenditure. The main environmental determinant of energy expenditure is ambient temperature, where energy expenditure increases in a cold environment through shivering and in a hot environment through panting. Behavioral determinants of energy expenditure include food intake and physical activity. In normal daily life, environmental factors like ambient temperature are negligible. We generally choose our environment to feel comfortable. We stay in the thermal neutral zone by controlling the temperature of our homes and dress according to climatic conditions when going out. Thus, this review is restricted to determinants including subject characteristics, food intake and physical activity.Total energy expenditure (TEE) can be split in three components: maintenance or resting energy expenditure (REE); energy expenditure for the processing of ingested food or diet-induced energy expenditure (DEE); and activity-induced energy expenditure (AEE). Here, control of energy expenditure is reviewed by comparing TEE and the three components in relation to differences for the subject characteristics body size and body composition, followed by reviewing effects of changes in food intake and changes in physical activity on energy expenditure.

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Energy utilization and growth in breast-fed and formula-fed infants measured prospectively during the first year of life

Cited by 60 publications

References 28 publications

Total energy expenditure and physical activity level in healthy young Swedish children 9 or 14 months of age

Total energy expenditure and physical activity level in healthy young Swedish children 9 or 14 months of age

Breast milk and energy intake in exclusively, predominantly, and partially breast-fed infants

Control of energy expenditure in humans

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