Energy use in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS): A review

Badiola, Maddi; Basurko, Oihane C.; Piedrahita, Raul H.; Hundley, P.; Mendiola, D.

doi:10.1016/j.aquaeng.2018.03.003

Cited by 172 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…This period is crucial for salmon survival as disease outbreaks can cause costly die offs in the system. Compared to flow through systems, enclosed RAS systems have the benefit of requiring 93% less water from the environment and a 26-38% reduced eutrophication on the environment (10, 11), but can also be more costly in energy use (24-40% higher) (12). Because RAS systems are enclosed batch systems, biosecurity is theoretically improved as conditions can be regulated and controlled much easier than in FT systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial ecology of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, hatcheries: impacts of the built environment on fish mucosal microbiota

Minich

Jantawongsri

Johnston³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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ABSTRACTSuccessful rearing of fish in hatcheries is critical for conservation, recreational fishing, and commercial fishing through wild stock enhancements, and aquaculture production. Flow through (FT) hatcheries require more water than Recirculating-Aquaculture-Systems (RAS) which enable up to 99% of water to be recycled thus significantly reducing environmental impacts. Here, we evaluated the biological and physical microbiome interactions of the built environment of a hatchery from three Atl salmon hatcheries (RAS n=2, FT n=1). Six juvenile fish were sampled from tanks in each of the hatcheries for a total of 60 fish across 10 tanks. Water and tank side biofilm samples were collected from each of the tanks along with three salmon body sites (gill, skin, and digesta) to assess mucosal microbiota using 16S rRNA sequencing. The water and tank biofilm had more microbial richness than fish mucus while skin and digesta from RAS fish had 2× the richness of FT fish. Body sites each had unique microbial communities (P<0.001) and were influenced by the various hatchery systems (P<0.001) with RAS systems more similar. Water and especially tank biofilm richness was positively correlated with skin and digesta richness. Strikingly, the gill, skin and digesta communities were more similar to the origin tank biofilm vs. all other experimental tanks suggesting that the tank biofilm has a direct influence on fish-associated microbial communities. The results from this study provide evidence for a link between the tank microbiome and the fish microbiome with the skin microbiome as an important intermediate.IMPORTANCEAtlantic salmon, Salmo salar, is the most farmed marine fish worldwide with an annual production of 2,248 million metric tonnes in 2016. Salmon hatcheries are increasingly changing from flow through towards RAS design to accommodate more control over production along with improved environmental sustainability due to lower impacts on water consumption. To date, microbiome studies on hatcheries have focused either on the fish mucosal microbiota or the built environment microbiota, but have not combined the two to understand interactions. Our study evaluates how water and tank biofilm microbiota influences fish microbiota across three mucosal environments (gill, skin, and digesta). Results from this study highlight how the built environment is a unique source of microbes to colonize fish mucus and furthermore how this can influence the fish health. Further studies can use this knowledge to engineer built environments to modulate fish microbiota for a beneficial phenotype.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial ecology of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, hatcheries: impacts of the built environment on fish mucosal microbiota

Minich

Jantawongsri

Johnston³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…Atlantic salmon are particularly susceptible even to slightly elevated levels of CO 2, which can directly impact growth performance (Fivelstad 2013). End of pipe solutions that remove CO 2 by stripping or aeration can be both costly and space intensive (Badiola et al 2018).…”

Section: Fish Health and Welfare Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding and managing suspended solids in intensive salmonid aquaculture: a review

Schumann

Brinker

2020

Reviews in Aquaculture

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The intensive aquaculture of salmonids is a relatively young discipline within the animal husbandry sector. It differs to terrestrial livestock farming in one obvious and fundamental aspect – the aquatic environment. Besides great advantages such as buoyancy, the fluid medium also poses specific challenges for fish and fish farmers. One issue identified as a central problem in aquaculture is the presence of undissolved particulate matter in the water column. The ideal of fish living in pure, transparent water is seldom a reality as virtually every water body is subject to multiple inputs of solid matter, for example from the ground, the air and from the organisms living in it. In aquaculture, these solids are derived from both natural and anthropogenic sources, but by far the biggest input comprises excreted waste from the relatively high biomass of fish. The ratio of different inputs varies significantly between individual systems, dependent on factors such as the type of husbandry system, water exchange rate, the species being farmed, stocking density and the composition of the feed being supplied. This review aims to summarize potential sources of solid wastes in salmonid aquaculture, the properties of those solids and their implications for system stability, the quality of connected environments and the welfare of fish being reared. We will also review the expanding opportunities for solid management.

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“…The capital costs involved in structuring aquaculture recirculation systems are high and are one of the biggest challenges for their sustainability (Kucuk et al 2010;Dalsgaard et al 2013;Badiola et al 2018). Feasibility requires intensive large-scale production to reduce investment and operating costs.…”

Section: Sift Deskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Practical and essential information on water reuse systems in experimental aquaculture production: a descriptive review

Owatari¹,

Mouriño²,

Desk³

2020

SDRP-JAFFS

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The present study reviewed the literature published in recent years on the topic "Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS)", a technology that makes it possible to grow aquatic organisms more sustainably and environmentally friendly, reducing water consumption, environmental pollution and land use. Commercial and academic application of recirculating aquaculture systems has increased considerably in recent years. The RAS is considered a master key for the increase of sustainable aquaculture, with the possibility of flexibility in its productive structure, ability to control environmental variables and the possibility of production throughout the year. This review provides an overview of aquaculture, RAS, sustainability and research perspectives.

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Energy use in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS): A review

Cited by 172 publications

References 104 publications

Microbial ecology of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, hatcheries: impacts of the built environment on fish mucosal microbiota

Microbial ecology of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, hatcheries: impacts of the built environment on fish mucosal microbiota

Understanding and managing suspended solids in intensive salmonid aquaculture: a review

Practical and essential information on water reuse systems in experimental aquaculture production: a descriptive review

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