Energy transition in sustainable transport: concepts, policies, and methodologies

Abstract

The growth in population, economic expansion, and the dynamism of cities have collectively driven a noticeable surge in the use of public and private transport, resulting in a significant increase in energy consumption within this sector. Consequently, the transport industry now requires an energy transition to meet mobility demands, promote economic growth, and achieve emissions reduction. This article identifies key concepts, policies, and methodologies used in the literature to study the energy transition in the transport sector through a systematic literature review. Our review methodology consisted of two parts: data collection and subsequent analysis aimed at exploring the concepts, methodologies, and policies applied within the context of the energy transition, while considering the mode of transport and geographical scope. The primary findings reveal that electricity is the predominant energy source in this transition, although its prevalence may vary depending on the mode of transport. Biofuels offer a close alternative; however, they primarily contribute to emissions reduction related to fossil fuel use. Natural gas provides an affordable alternative in heavy transport, and hydrogen represents another option, albeit with the potential expense of developing recharging infrastructure. Determinants of this transition include recharging infrastructure, both tax and non-tax incentives, public policies, the generation of electric power using renewable energies, and the proper management of battery life cycles, from mineral extraction to final disposal.