Energy Transfer from Electromagnetic Fields to Materials

Brodie, Graham

doi:10.5772/intechopen.83420

Cited by 16 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…In this study, the samples were treated in a conventional microwave oven at 100% power during different times. It is known that these furnaces, at the power studied, reach temperatures above 200 ºC, with the advantage that the heating is dielectric, which depends on the dielectric properties of the material [13].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Microwaves are electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength range between 1 m and 1 mm and a frequency range that ranges between 300 MHz and 300 GHz [13,14]. Electromagnetic waves transfer their energy through open space, this transfer depending on the intensity of the magnetic field, the frequency of oscillations and the dielectric properties of the material [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Electromagnetic waves transfer their energy through open space, this transfer depending on the intensity of the magnetic field, the frequency of oscillations and the dielectric properties of the material [14]. The main advantage of dielectric heating is its volumetric interaction with the material, heating as electromagnetic energy is absorbed [13,15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of the influence of microwaves radiation on a biomaterial composed of three phases of calcium phosphates

2020

Biointerface Res Appl Chem

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The chemical similarity with the bone components that calcium phosphates present have been the fundamental cause of their use as biomaterials in the regeneration processes, presenting good biocompatibility, bioactivity and osteoconductivity. Among the biomaterials studied from calcium phosphates, there are multiphase biomaterials, which are those that contain two or more phases of calcium phosphates in their composition. These mixtures improve the chemical-physical and biological properties of these materials. The use of biomaterials in the regeneration process requires previously eliminating the microorganisms present in the material, through a sterilization process. Different sterilization methodologies have been applied to decontaminate biomaterials, including the use of microwave radiation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the MW radiation application of a multi-phase biomaterial made of a three-phase mixture of calcium phosphates synthesized by wet chemical method. The results of this study showed that the application of MW radiation to ceramic samples containing the OCP phase causes the thermal decomposition of this phase, modifying its crystallinity index. This aspect should be taken into account when applying sterilization by applying MW radiation to ceramic samples with characteristics similar to those studied in this work.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of the influence of microwaves radiation on a biomaterial composed of three phases of calcium phosphates

2020

Biointerface Res Appl Chem

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“…Since the usage of greases is much easier with bearings and gears, about 85% of all bearings are lubricated with grease. As increasing energy efficiency is a big focus in the EV industry, all opportunities to reduce friction will help achieve the goal of reaching a range of up to 400 miles [31].…”

Section: Energy Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Grease Performance Requirements and Future Perspectives for Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Applications

Shah¹,

Tung²,

Chen

et al. 2021

Lubricants

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Electric vehicle sales are growing globally in response to the move towards a greener environment and a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. As in any machine, grease lubricants will play a significant role in the component life of these new power plants and drivetrains. In this paper, the role of grease lubrication in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid vehicles (HVs) will be discussed in terms of performance requirements. Comparisons of grease lubrication in EVs and HVs for performance requirements to current internal combustion engines (ICEs) will be reviewed to contrast the major differences under different operating conditions. The operating conditions for grease lubrication in these EVs and HVs are demanding. Greases formulated and manufactured to meet specific performance specifications in EVs and HVs, which will operate within these specific electrification components, will be reviewed. Specifically, the thermal and electrified effects from the higher operating temperatures and electromagnetic fields on lubricant degradation, rheology, elastomer compatibility, and corrosion protection of the grease need to be evaluated to accurately meet the performance requirements for EVs and HV. The major differences between EVs and conventional ICEVs can be grouped into the following technical areas: energy efficiency, noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH), the presence of electrical current and electromagnetic fields from electric modules, sensors and circuits, and bearing lubrication. Additional considerations include thermal heat transfer, seals, corrosion protection, and materials’ compatibility. The authors will review the future development trends of EVs/HVs on driveline lubrication and thermal management requirements. The future development of electric vehicles will globally influence the selection and development of gear oils, coolants, and greases as they will be in contact with electric modules, sensors, and circuits and will be affected by electrical current and electromagnetic fields. The increasing presence of electrical parts in EVs/HVs will demand the corrosion protection of bearings and other remaining mechanical components. Thus, it is imperative that specialized greases should be explored for specific applications in EVs/HVs to ensure maximum protection from friction, wear, and corrosion to guarantee the longevity of the operating automobile. Low-viscosity lubricants and greases will be used in EVs to achieve improvements in energy efficiency. However, low-viscosity fluids reduce the film thickness in the driveline application. This reduced film thickness increases the operating temperature and reduces the calculated fatigue life of the bearings. Bearing components for EVs/HVs will be even more crucial as original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) specify these low-viscosity fluids. The application of premium bearing components using low-viscosity grease will leverage materials, bearing geometries, and surface topography to combat the impact of low-viscosity lubricants. In addition, EVs and HVs will create their own NVH challenges. Wind and road noise are more prominent, with no masking noise from the ICE. Increasing comfort, quality, and reliability issues will be more complicated with the introduction of new electrified powertrain and E-driveline subsystems. This paper elaborates on the current development trends and industrial test standard for the specified grease used for electrical/hybrid driveline lubrication.

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“…where λ is the radar wavelength, θ is the incident angle and 'h' is the surface variations mean height. The dielectric constant of the incident surface decides the reflection, refraction, and scattering of EM waves [28]. Since the dielectric constant of water is high (80) the ocean surface reflects almost all the EM waves [29].…”

Section: System Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gain enhanced conformal patch antenna with defected ground for aircraft applications

Monica¹,

Jothilakshmi²

2020

IET Communications

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Energy Transfer from Electromagnetic Fields to Materials

Cited by 16 publications

References 37 publications

Evaluation of the influence of microwaves radiation on a biomaterial composed of three phases of calcium phosphates

Evaluation of the influence of microwaves radiation on a biomaterial composed of three phases of calcium phosphates

Grease Performance Requirements and Future Perspectives for Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Applications

Gain enhanced conformal patch antenna with defected ground for aircraft applications

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