Energy supplementation in the last trimester of pregnancy in East Java, Indonesia: effect on breast-milk output

Abstract

Breast-milk output was measured in women who during the last trimester of pregnancy consumed a high- or low-energy supplement (53 and 55 women, respectively). Infant and mother pairs were enrolled at 2 or 6 wk postpartum. Test weighings were done four times at 8-wk intervals. Mean breast-milk output ranged from 682 to 744 g/d in the age period of 2 wk to 7 mo. There was no difference in milk output between the two experimental groups. In all cohorts, breast-feeding frequency influenced milk output positively. Only at age 18-22 wk did the mothers' prepregnancy or 4-wk postpartum body mass index play an additional role. The results confirm that breast-milk output of mildly undernourished women is comparable with that of well-nourished women. Short-term energy supplementation during pregnancy did not increase breast-milk output, probably because the sample studied was not at nutritional risk.

Stable Isotope Aided Evaluation of Community Nutrition Program: Effect of Food Supplementation Schemes on Maternal and Infant Nutritional Status

“…Milk-output of these underprivileged mothers was not influenced by the supplement or the duration of the supplementation. These results are in accordance with previous studies conducted in the Gambia [26,27], Indonesia [25], and Kenya [22], supporting a lack of association between supplementation and breastmilk output.…”

“…Despite its importance for public health, the question of whether poorly nourished women can improve their lactation performance when increasing their dietary intake was conflicting [19]. Several studies in developing countries have reported a positive or no relationship [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27].…”

Review of fortified food and beverage products for pregnant and lactating women and their impact on nutritional status

“…A randomized controlled trial in Indonesia in 1982 measured the impacts of a protein‐energy beverage containing palm oil and sunflower oil (both low in omega‐3 fatty acids), high or low amounts of casein and glucose without micronutrient fortification during pregnancy on birthweight and breast milk output (Kardjati et al . 1988; van Steenbergen et al . 1989).…”

Effects of nutritional interventions during pregnancy on birth, child health and development outcomes: A systematic review of evidence from low‐ and middle‐income countries

“…Out of the 54 excluded studies, 13 were on BEP supplementation (Anonymous, 1995 ; Blackwell et al, 1973 ; Devi et al, 2017 ; Hawkesworth et al, 2011 ; Kardjati et al, 1990 ; Kusin et al, 1992 ; Mueller & Pollitt, 1984 ; Rush et al, 1980 ; Saville et al, 2018 ; van Steenbergen et al, 1989 ; Wang et al, 2015 ; Winkvist et al, 1998 ; Zhang, 1997 ). Three studies (Anonymous, 1995 ; Wang et al, 2015 ; Zhang, 1997 ) were excluded due to their wrong patient population of interest; three were excluded due to missing standard of care control group (Kusin et al, 1992 ; van Steenbergen et al, 1989 ; Winkvist et al, 1998 ), and two studies were excluded due to wrong intervention as they provided BEP along with micronutrient supplementation (Devi et al, 2017 ; Saville et al, 2018 ). Zhang ( 1997 ) only included IUGR births, Wang et al ( 2015 ) only included women suffering from GDM, and Anonymous ( 1995 ) did not exclusively include pregnant women.…”